**Nomenclature**


**139**

**Author details**

Ahmed Farid Ibrahim\* and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: ahmedmfaried@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*CO2 Foam for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89301*

*CO2 Foam for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89301*

*Foams - Emerging Technologies*

establishes the following main points:

stability applications.

**Acknowledgements**

**Nomenclature**

This chapter reviews the application of CO2 foam in enhanced oil recovery and

1.Foam lamellae can be generated by a snap-off, lamella division, and leave-behind mechanisms. The foam generated by the leave-behind mechanism is weak

2.Crude oil has a negative impact on foam stability, and its deterioration effect can be determined by calculating entering, spreading, and bridging coeffi-

3.In harsh environments such as those with high salinity or high temperature, nanoparticles can be used to improve foam stability. SiO2 with the modified surface was found to be the more effective and popular nanoparticles in foam-

4.At high-temperature conditions, VES can be used as a thickener to decrease the

CO2 foam can be used to improve the oil recovery in EOR process. However, surfactant-based foam provides unstable, and low sweep efficiency will be observed. As a result, nanoparticles or viscosifiers should be used to improve the foam stability.

M mobility of the displacing fluid to the displaced fluid ratio

σ *gw*, σ *ow*, and σ *go* interfacal tensions between CO2 and water, oil and water, and oil and CO2, respectively

because the lamellae are parallel to the flow direction.

cients as a function of oil/gas/water interfacial tension.

rates of lamella drainage and foam decay.

We thank Gia Alexander for proofreading the chapter.

A cross-section area of the core AOS alpha-olefin sulfonate B bridging coefficient

CMC critical micelle concentration CT X-ray computed tomography

K absolute core permeability, md *k e* effective fluid permeability, md

MRF mobility reduction factor PEG polyethylene glycol Q total flow rate S spreading coefficient

∆p pressure drop across the core λ fluid mobility, md/cp *μ* fluid viscosity, cp

E entering coefficient EOR enhanced oil recovery

L core length

**7. Summary**

**138**
