Preface

Water is a limited natural resource indispensable for human existence and critical for socio-economic development. However, rapid urbanization and inefficient management of available natural resources have hastened the pace and impact of climate change. Floods and droughts related to climate change are a recurring phenomenon in recent years and have disrupted an already fragile ecosystem. Because the need to conserve available water resources and devise strategies for resource management is very relevant, this book deals with water resources and their management. Edited by Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid and Aftab Sadiq, the book provides relevant information on major aspects of water resources including water management strategies practiced in different parts of the world, the need for conservation, impact of climate change on water resource management, and contamination of water resources and their treatment strategies.

The first section of this book discusses aspects related to water resources and their conservation, with the first chapter introducing the reader to diverse aspects of resources of water. The chapter on water availability in Chile by Pulido Fernández compares the current and future availabilities of water for the different regions of Chile and provides relevant information on the water balance for land planners. The chapter on Smart Water by Mueller-Czygan discusses the role of software such as Industry 4.0 and KOMMUNAL 4.0 initiated by the federal government in Germany in municipal water management and in tackling future water challenges. Many small- and medium-sized communities are faced with the challenge of reliably planning for the future in terms of maintaining and expanding their infrastructure in view of the consequences of demographic change. Software such as KOMMUNAL 4.0 can play a critical role in assisting communities to manage water infrastructure digitally. The chapter by Gulta and Abate elaborates on the importance of aquifer characterization in effective groundwater management. Aquifer characterization is the first step in enabling strategies to manage it. The authors used Aquifer Test V.2.55 to characterize the aquifer system in Hawassa, Ethiopia, physically, potentially, spatially, quantitatively, and qualitatively.

The second section of the book details strategies adapted for sustainable water management in different parts of the world with the help of interesting case studies. The chapter on community water-service management in Africa by Obosi explains the critical need of community water supply with experience gained from Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, Malawi, and Nigeria. Community-based water supply management allows communities to form their own institutions for water delivery without formal connections or partnerships with utility operators or municipal governments and can play a critical role in ensuring access to safe water in developing countries. Anthropogenic activities can hasten the process of global warming and the resulting shifts in weather defined as climate change. The chapter by Ospina-Noreña et al. explains the effect of climate change on water resources, indices, and related activities in different parts of Colombia using models. The study also reviews the influence of climate change on hydroelectric power generation and water balance in arid areas. Likewise, it outlines a possible

**II**

**Chapter 8 101**

Evaluation and Treatment **121**

**Chapter 9 123**

**Chapter 10 147**

Water Resources and Their Management in an Increasing Urban

GIS and Statistical Evaluation of Fluoride Content in Southern Part

Oil–Water Separation Techniques for Bilge Water Treatment

*by Nurul Aini Amran and Siti Nor Adibah Mustapha*

*by Ramzy Saeed Mahbob Naser, Mohammed El Bakkali and Driss Belghyti*

Demography: The Case of Dakar City in Senegal

of Upper Rasyan Aquifer, Taiz, Yemen

*by Cheikh Faye*

**Section 3**

future water supply–demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. The chapter by Javaid and Khalil emphasizes the critical need to reintroduce physical hydraulic and hydrologic modeling into engineering practice with a case study of water management projects in Pakistan using physical hydraulic modeling. The chapter by Faye sheds light on water management initiatives in the city of Dakar, Senegal.

The last section of the book provides information on the evaluation of contaminated water resources and strategies to treat them. The chapter by Naser et al., for example, provides GIS and statistical evaluation of the fluoride content of a Rasyan aquifer in Yemen. Fluorine has the highest chemical reactivity among all known elements and can be present in water resources due to natural as well as anthropogenic activities. Fluoride in excess levels can cause fluorosis and is often found to be an endemic problem in locations surrounding water resources with high fluoride levels. Understanding fluoride occurrence is important in the management of fluoriderelated epidemiological problems. Discharging accumulated bilge water from a ship is essential to maintain the ship's stability and safety. However, the bilge water that contains contaminants, including waste oils and oily wastes, must be treated prior to discharging to the sea. Thus, an efficient oil–water separator must be installed to separate the oil from the bilge water to minimize marine pollution. The chapter by Amran and Mustapha introduces and discusses the working mechanisms as well as advantages and disadvantages of the available oil–water separation techniques for bilge water treatment.

Although this book may not provide readers with comprehensive information on all aspects related to water resources and their conservation, it does provide constructive data and content on the current trends and advancements in the field. The book will motivate readers and scientists alike to look further and make concerted efforts towards promoting the preservation and conservation of water resources.

> **Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran** Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Govt. of National Capital Territory of Delhi, Delhi, India

> > **Muhammad Salik Javaid** Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA

**Aftab Sadiq** Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Pakistan

**1**

Section 1

Water Resources

Management

Section 1

Water Resources Management

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

available as surface water.

on their success stories exist.

**3. Re-use of treated water**

**2. Strategies for sustainable water management**

conserve and sustain the water resources.

Conservation

*Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran*

Introductory Chapter: Resources

Unlike other natural resources such as wind and solar, water resources are limited and can include surface water, ground water, rain water and saltwater. Of all the water resources present on earth, only 2.5% exists as freshwater. Fresh water can exist in the form of ground water, surface water and water present in glaciers and ice. A major fraction of fresh water is present in glaciers with only a tiny fraction

Increasing population and urbanization has increased our water demands and place undue stress on the existing water resources. Studies indicate that by 2030 there will be a 40% deficit between the world water demand and the available water resources [1]. People in the developing world are most vulnerable to climate changes; changes in rainfall pattern as a consequence of climate change have largely affected the world in recent years. Extreme changes in the rainfall patterns have increased the frequency of floods and droughts. Exploitation of the available water resources affects all aspects of human existence in addition to disrupting the fine balance in the ecosystem. Erratic and unseasonal rainfall largely affects agricultural activity which mainly sustains the economy of most of the developing countries. Sustainable water management practices are therefore critical to ensure conservation of the existing water resources. Development of policies on smart water practices and its implementation need to go hand in hand to promote conservation of water resources. Many countries around the world have adopted different strategies to reduce the pressure on their available water resources and interesting case studies

Some of the strategies that can be adopted for sustainable water management are: (i) re-use of treated water for various end uses such as agriculture, horticulture, ground water recharge, aqua culture etc., (ii) revival of water bodies; (iii) reduction in non-revenue water losses. These strategies need to be executed in parallel to

Treated water from the Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) can be used to cater to horticultural needs, irrigation and partly for the daily water requirements. The city

of Water and the Need for
