**5. Revival of the vanishing art**

Other techniques in addition to physical hydraulic modeling available to a researcher are mathematical modeling, statistical modeling, and numerical modeling. With the advent of modern computers having speedy and fast processors, massive data storage, better data management software, and intelligent computational techniques the statistical modeling and numerical modeling have become the favorites of every researcher and engineer. The cutting edge graphics cards and attractive presentation techniques have also added to the magnetism of such indoor modeling. However, despite all this, the value and importance of physical hydraulic modeling cannot be overshadowed by these. The natural intricacies, physical behavior, the kinematics and dynamics of all fluids and especially large mass flows of water can only be studied through physical modeling.

With the innovation of new materials of construction including the nanomaterials, the physical hydraulic modeling has been revived. Now very intricate designs can be created and manufactured using new and modern materials. The same is true for hybrid and very strong epoxies and sealing materials which now help in making watertight models. Fabrication of models and their miniature parts has also been revolutionized by laser cutting, computerized numerical machines that can make precision model parts.

Revolution in measuring instruments for all hydraulic parameters has also provided a quantum jump to physical hydraulic modeling. Doppler velocimetry, very sensitive and accurate probes and pressure transducers, laser leveling gauges, and other such instrumentation can now be used to obtain and collect very sophisticated data for physical hydraulic models.

The latest techniques in flow visualization have done wonders in fluid mechanics and hydraulic modeling. Modern electronics and advancement in graphics, optics, and sensors has revitalized the hydraulic modeling and made it an advanced and modern field of science and technology.

On the other hand, the models based on process description also called deterministic models are rather complicated as compared to the stochastic hydrological models representing surface runoff, channel flow, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration. Such models cannot by physically modeled, and therefore these have to be computer modeled [3].

## **6. Recommendations and conclusion**

The art, science, and technique of planning, construction, and operation of physical hydraulic modeling are losing the race against numerical and computer modeling. However, there is a dire need that due to its very special place in research

**99**

**Author details**

Muhammad Salik Javaid1

1 Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: msalikj@morgan.edu

*The Art of Physical Hydraulic Modeling and Its Impact on the Water Resources of Pakistan*

and investigation, this modeling technique should remain in vogue. For this very purpose its education, teaching, and engineering practice may be included in the curricula of various universities, colleges, and other technical training institutes. For very important and significant hydraulic structures, the failure of which cannot be afforded due to various reasons, it may be made mandatory that physical hydraulic modeling is carried out prior to the finalization of designs of construction

\* and Muhammad Zeshan Khalil2

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Civil Engineering Faculty, Abasyn University, Islamabad, Pakistan

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94653*

and rehabilitation.

*The Art of Physical Hydraulic Modeling and Its Impact on the Water Resources of Pakistan DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94653*

and investigation, this modeling technique should remain in vogue. For this very purpose its education, teaching, and engineering practice may be included in the curricula of various universities, colleges, and other technical training institutes.

For very important and significant hydraulic structures, the failure of which cannot be afforded due to various reasons, it may be made mandatory that physical hydraulic modeling is carried out prior to the finalization of designs of construction and rehabilitation.
