**Acknowledgements**

The author is grateful to his mentors: Rodolfo Brenner and Phillip Strittmatter, all his Ph.D. students, and postdocs.

## **Author details**

Angel Catala†

Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, (INIFTA-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina

\*Address all correspondence to: catala@inifta.unlp.edu.ar

† The author is a member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Argentina

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**5**

*Introductory Chapter: Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives - My Point of View*

vertebrate retina. Frontiers in Bioscience

[10] Fagali N, Catalá A. Melatonin and structural analogues do not possess antioxidant properties on Fe(2+) initiated peroxidation of sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids.

[11] Fagali N, Catalá A. The antioxidant behaviour of melatonin and structural analogues during lipid peroxidation depends not only on their functional groups but also on the assay system. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2012;**423**:873-877

[12] Thomas AH, Catalá Á, Vignoni M. Soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes as model membranes to study lipid peroxidation photoinduced by pterin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.

(Scholar Edition). 2011;**3**:52-60

2011;**64**:688-695

2016;**1858**:139-145

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85663*

[1] Bangham AD, Horne RW. Negative staining of phospholipids and their structural modification by surfaceactive agents as observed in the electron microscope. Journal of Molecular

[2] Sessa G, Weissmann G. Incorporation of lysozyme into liposomes: A model for structure-linked latency. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1970;**245**:3295-3301

[3] Yash Roy RC. "Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplast membrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy" (PDF). Journal of

[4] Avanzati B, Catalá A. Exchange of palmitic acid from cytosolic proteins to microsomes, mitochondria and lipid vesicles. Acta Physiologica Latino

Biology. 1964;**8**:660-668

**References**

Biosciences. 1990;**15**:93-98

Americana. 1982;**32**:267-276

[5] Catalá A, Avanzati B. Oleic acid transfer from microsomes to egg lecithin liposomes: Participation of fatty acid binding protein. Lipids. 1983;**18**:803-807

[6] Catalá A. The interaction of albumin and fatty-acid-binding protein with membranes: Oleic acid dissociation. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie. 1984;**92**:255-261

[7] Zanetti R, Catalá A. Fatty acid binding protein removes fatty acids but not phospholipids from microsomes liposomes and sonicated vesicles. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[8] Fagali N, Catalá A. Fe2+ and Fe3+ initiated peroxidation of sonicated and non-sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids in different aqueous media. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids.

[9] Catala A. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids in the

1991;**100**(1):8

2009;**159**:88-94

*Introductory Chapter: Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives - My Point of View DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85663*

## **References**

*Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives*

**3. My participation in studies with liposomes**

Forty-four years ago, as an international scholar of the NIH in the Department of Biochemistry of the Health Center of the University of Connecticut, I carried out studies related to the mechanism of stearoyl-CoA desaturase [4]. That is where I first prepared liposomes by sonication of egg lecithin or dimyristoyl lecithin. Since then I have used liposomes in multiple studies in order to analyze: the exchange of palmitic acid from cytosolic proteins to microsomes, mitochondria, and lipid vesicles [4]; the oleic acid transfer from microsomes to egg lecithin liposomes [5]; the interaction of albumin and fatty-acid-binding protein with membranes: oleic acid dissociation [6]; the removal of fatty acids but not phospholipids from microsomes liposomes and sonicated vesicles by fatty-acid-binding protein [7]; Fe2+- and Fe3+-initiated peroxidation of sonicated and nonsonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids in different aqueous media [8]; lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids in the vertebrate retina [9]; the antioxidant properties of melatonin and structural analogues on Fe(2+)-initiated peroxidation of sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids [10]; the antioxidant behavior of melatonin and structural analogues during lipid peroxidation [11]; and the use of soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes as model membranes to study lipid peroxidation photoinduced by pterin [12].

**4**

**Author details**

**Acknowledgements**

all his Ph.D. students, and postdocs.

Angel Catala†

Argentina

provided the original work is properly cited.

Técnicas (CONICET) Argentina

\*Address all correspondence to: catala@inifta.unlp.edu.ar

**4. General remarks, conclusions, and perspectives**

liposomes research will dominate in the future.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

† The author is a member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y

Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, (INIFTA-CCT La Plata-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata,

It has been fascinating to follow the field of liposomes research during almost five decades. From my experience, it is impossible to predict which aspects in

The author is grateful to his mentors: Rodolfo Brenner and Phillip Strittmatter,

[1] Bangham AD, Horne RW. Negative staining of phospholipids and their structural modification by surfaceactive agents as observed in the electron microscope. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1964;**8**:660-668

[2] Sessa G, Weissmann G. Incorporation of lysozyme into liposomes: A model for structure-linked latency. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1970;**245**:3295-3301

[3] Yash Roy RC. "Lamellar dispersion and phase separation of chloroplast membrane lipids by negative staining electron microscopy" (PDF). Journal of Biosciences. 1990;**15**:93-98

[4] Avanzati B, Catalá A. Exchange of palmitic acid from cytosolic proteins to microsomes, mitochondria and lipid vesicles. Acta Physiologica Latino Americana. 1982;**32**:267-276

[5] Catalá A, Avanzati B. Oleic acid transfer from microsomes to egg lecithin liposomes: Participation of fatty acid binding protein. Lipids. 1983;**18**:803-807

[6] Catalá A. The interaction of albumin and fatty-acid-binding protein with membranes: Oleic acid dissociation. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie. 1984;**92**:255-261

[7] Zanetti R, Catalá A. Fatty acid binding protein removes fatty acids but not phospholipids from microsomes liposomes and sonicated vesicles. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1991;**100**(1):8

[8] Fagali N, Catalá A. Fe2+ and Fe3+ initiated peroxidation of sonicated and non-sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids in different aqueous media. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2009;**159**:88-94

[9] Catala A. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids in the

vertebrate retina. Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar Edition). 2011;**3**:52-60

[10] Fagali N, Catalá A. Melatonin and structural analogues do not possess antioxidant properties on Fe(2+) initiated peroxidation of sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2011;**64**:688-695

[11] Fagali N, Catalá A. The antioxidant behaviour of melatonin and structural analogues during lipid peroxidation depends not only on their functional groups but also on the assay system. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2012;**423**:873-877

[12] Thomas AH, Catalá Á, Vignoni M. Soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes as model membranes to study lipid peroxidation photoinduced by pterin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2016;**1858**:139-145

**7**

Section 2

Liposomes General

Properties

Section 2
