**7. Conclusion**

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is synthesized by *Aspergillus* fungi, is the most common carcinogenic type of aflatoxins and can be found in human diet, such as corn, peanuts, cereals, rice, etc. Although AFB1 cannot directly conjugate with DNA, its metabolite, AFB1-E, can form carcinogenic AFB1-E-N7-dG and AFB1-FaPy-dG adducts spontaneously and irreversibly. Besides the generation of AFB1-DNA adducts, AFB1-induced DNA damage is also caused by the production of excessive ROS, leading to the oxidation of DNA bases. The majority of AFB1-related HCC carry G-to-T transversion of p53 gene. When the p53 protein is mutated, it shows a "gain of oncogenic function." In addition, epigenetic alterations may potentially be beneficial for the treatment of HCC, because the epigenetic changes are reversible.

*Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects*
