Scope of the Series

Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics, to ecology, medicine and population biology. Biochemistry studies macromolecules proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids –their building blocks, structures, functions and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins and hormones, which play roles in the life process. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting the methods of classical chemistry, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the 'big data' omics systems.

Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying and examining individual components of a biological system; in exemplary words of Efraim Racker, (1913 –1991) "Don't waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes." Today however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe fully a particular biological system. The 'big data' metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the proteins comprising e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment e.g., bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address both the current research on biomolecules, and the emerging trends with great promise.

Contents

**Section 1**

Zimbabwe

and *Penicillium*

Review

**Section 2**

*by Xing-Zhi-Zi Wang*

**Preface III**

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 37**

**Chapter 3 53**

**Chapter 4 75**

Aflatoxin B1 Detection **93**

**Chapter 5 95**

**Chapter 6 107**

Aflatoxin B1: Chemistry, Environmental and Diet Sources

Aflatoxin Occurrence in Dairy Feeds: A Case of Bulawayo,

*by Nancy Nleya, Lubanza Ngoma and Mulunda Mwanza*

α-Amylase Production by Toxigenic Strains of *Aspergillus*

Prevention by Essential Oils of the Occurrence and Growth of *Aspergillus flavus* and Aflatoxin B1 Production in Food Systems:

A New Approach for Detection of Aflatoxin B1

*by Qin-Qin Long, Xiao-Qin Wu and Jin-Guang Yao*

*by Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon and Victoria Anatolyivna Tsygankova*

*by Yamina Ben Miri, Azem Belasli, Djamel Djenane and Agustín Ariño*

The Blood AFB1-DNA Adduct Acting as a Biomarker for Predicting the Risk and Prognosis of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma

*by Joseph Owuor Lalah, Solomon Omwoma and Dora A.O. Orony*

and Potential Exposure in Human in Kenya
