Preface

It is a great honor for me to edit the third version of *Xenotransplantation* in IntechOpen's Xenotransplantation – Comprehensive study. Since the second version, almost two years have passed. During this period, the 3rd WHO Global Consultation on Regulatory Requirements for Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials in Changsha-2018, the 14th IXA-2017 in Baltimore, and the 15th IXA-2019 in Munich were held. This field seems to be progressing quickly. Now, in a sense, we are standing at the dawn of the age for xenotransplantation.

As the most imminent issue for clinical xenotransplantation, this version first focused on pig islets transplantation. Several authors wrote about it from their own point of view. The new Regulation by WHO in Changsha is discussed.

In addition, a past clinical case including the review of heart xenotransplantation is introduced.

Concerning the progress of preclinical xenotransplantation studies during these years, the reported maximum survival days were more prolonged in several organs, as indicated below.


**II**

**Section 3**

Studies on Human Cell Therapy *by Shin Enosawa and Eiji Kobayashi*

Generation of Human Organs

*and Eiji Kobayashi*

A Novel Strategy for Xeno-Regenerative Therapy *by Toshinari Fujimoto, Takashi Yokoo and Eiji Kobayashi*

Regeneration **111**

**Chapter 7 113**

**Chapter 8 123**

**Chapter 9 137**

Controllable Immunosuppression in Pigs as a Basis for Preclinical

Pigs as Models of Preclinical Studies and In Vivo Bioreactors for

*by Yujiro Kawai, Shugo Tohyama, Hideyuki Shimizu, Keiichi Fukuda* 

(\*\*: reported in the past, using wild-type pigs)

On the other hand, as the technology progresses, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, many new genetic engineered (GE) pigs are produced all over the world, such as the quadripartite knockout (KO) pigs [αGal/CMAH/β4GalNT2/SLAclassI-KO], the tripartite KO plus six genes transgenic (TG) pigs [αGal/CMAH/β4GalNT2-KO + CD46/CD55/CD47/TBM/EPCR/HO1-TG], and [αGal/CMAH/β4GalNT2-KO + CD46/CD55/CD47/TBM/EPCR/Lea29Y-TG]. These pigs were also introduced in the last IXA-2019 in Munich. The data of the preclinical studies using these new GE pigs will be reported in the next meeting and they must process the data indicated above.

In addition, chapters for bio-engineering focus on two reviews related to 3D bioprinting and decellularization. These field have also seen much progress.

Finally, this version contains several chapters related to regeneration studies, such as "Blastocyst complementation" and "Organogenic niche method" that present the research to use pigs as a scaffold for foster human Embryonic stem (ES) cells and

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). These topics were also presented as special lectures in the 15th IXA in Munich.

> **Dr. Shuji Miyagawa** Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

> > **1**

Section 1

Clinic and Pre-Clinic

Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Tokyo, Japan
