*4.2.2 Transforming growth factor-β*

TGF-β is a pleiotropic molecule with specific key functions in cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, immunosuppression, and extracellular matrix metabolism [131]. TGF-β could also be contributing to neuroprotective mechanisms


#### **Table 4.**

*Stem cell therapy in spinal cord injury.*

after SCI since it participates in the regulation of neuronal survival and orchestrates repairing processes in the CNS [132]. It has been previously observed that TGF-β administration reduces microglial activation and increases neuronal survival [133]. The early induction of TGF-β after SCI modulates the acute immune response, the formation of glial scar and improves functional recovery [134].
