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[16] Thornton C, Jones A, Nair S, Aabdien A, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis in neonatal hypoxicischaemic brain injury. FEBS Letters. Wiley Blackwell. 2018;**592**:812-830

[17] Fleiss B, Gressens P. Tertiary mechanisms of brain damage: A new hope for treatment of cerebral palsy? The Lancet Neurology. 2012;**11**:556-566 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/22608669

[18] Li B, Concepcion K, Meng X, Zhang L. Brain-immune interactions in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Progress in Neurobiology. 2017 Dec 1;**159**:50-68 Available from: https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29111451/

[19] Noraberg J, Poulsen FR, Blaabjerg M, Kristensen BW, Bonde C, Montero M, et al. Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures for Studies of Brain Damage, Neuroprotection and Neurorepair. Vol. 4. Current Drug Targets: CNS

and Neurological Disorders; 2005. pp. 435-452

[20] Berger HR, Brekke E, Widerøe M, Morken TS, Sund Morken T, Morken TS, et al. Neuroprotective treatments after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury evaluated with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Developmental Neuroscience. 2017;**39**(1-4):36-48 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/28448965

[21] Wu Q, Chen W, Sinha B, Tu Y, Manning S, Thomas N, et al. Neuroprotective agents for neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Drug Discovery Today. 2015 Nov;**20**(11):1372- 1381 Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360053

[22] Thornton C, Leaw B, Mallard C, Nair S, Jinnai M, Hagberg H. Cell death in the developing brain after hypoxiaischemia. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;**11**(August):1-19 Available from: http://journal. frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/ fncel.2017.00248/full

[23] Edwards AB, Anderton RS, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Neuroprotective Peptide Therapies: A Case for Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs). Vol. 8. MDPI AG: Brain Sciences; 2018

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nih.gov/pubmed/28448965

[21] Wu Q, Chen W, Sinha B, Tu Y, Manning S, Thomas N, et al. Neuroprotective agents for neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Drug Discovery Today. 2015 Nov;**20**(11):1372- 1381 Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26360053

[22] Thornton C, Leaw B, Mallard C, Nair S, Jinnai M, Hagberg H. Cell death in the developing brain after hypoxiaischemia. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;**11**(August):1-19 Available from: http://journal. frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/

fncel.2017.00248/full

Brain Sciences; 2018

S0736574815300125

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[24] Descloux C, Ginet V, Clarke PGH, Puyal J, Truttmann AC. Neuronal death after perinatal cerebral hypoxiaischemia: Focus on autophagy-mediated cell death. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2015 Oct;**45**:75-85 Available from: http:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/

[25] Leaw B, Nair S, Lim R, Thornton C, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondria. Bioenergetics and Excitotoxicity: New Therapeutic Targets in Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017

435-452

[13] Arevalo MA, Santos-Galindo M, Lagunas N, Azcoitia I, Garcia-

[14] Garzón D, Cabezas R, Vega N, Ávila-Rodriguez M, Gonzalez J. et al., Novel approaches in astrocyte protection: From experimental

methods to computational approaches. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.

Cady EB, Wigglesworth JS, McKenzie JE, Edwards AD. Relation between delayed

impairment of cerebral energy metabolism and infarction following transient focal hypoxia-ischaemia in the developing brain. Experimental Brain Research. 1997 Jan;**113**(1):130-137 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

nih.gov/pubmed/9028781

[16] Thornton C, Jones A, Nair S, Aabdien A, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and biogenesis in neonatal hypoxicischaemic brain injury. FEBS Letters. Wiley Blackwell. 2018;**592**:812-830

[17] Fleiss B, Gressens P. Tertiary mechanisms of brain damage: A new hope for treatment of cerebral palsy? The Lancet Neurology. 2012;**11**:556-566 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

nih.gov/pubmed/22608669

[18] Li B, Concepcion K, Meng X, Zhang L. Brain-immune interactions in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Progress in Neurobiology. 2017 Dec 1;**159**:50-68 Available from: https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29111451/

[19] Noraberg J, Poulsen FR, Blaabjerg M, Kristensen BW, Bonde C, Montero M, et al. Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures for Studies of Brain Damage, Neuroprotection and Neurorepair. Vol. 4. Current Drug Targets: CNS

2011;**46**(1)

2016;**58**(4):483-492

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**232**

[26] Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, et al. Traumatic brain injury: Oxidative stress and Neuroprotection. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2013 Sep 10;**19**(8):836- 853 Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23547621

[27] Mehta A, Prabhakar M, Kumar P, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Excitotoxicity: Bridge to various triggers in neurodegenerative disorders. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2013 Jan 5;**698**(1-3):6-18 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23123057

[28] Dasuri K, Zhang L, Keller JN. Oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and the balance of protein degradation and protein synthesis. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2013 Sep;**62**:170- 185 Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23000246

[29] Schimmel S, Acosta S, Lozano D. Neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: A chronic response to an acute injury. Brain Circ. 2017;**3**(3):135 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/30276315

[30] Venegoni W, Shen Q, Thimmesch AR, Bell M, Hiebert JB, Pierce JD. The use of antioxidants in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2017 Jun;**73**(6):1331-1338 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/28103389

[31] Hiebert JB, Shen Q, Thimmesch AR, Pierce JD. Traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2015 Aug;**350**(2):132-138 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/26083647

[32] Whelan SP, Zuckerbraun BS. Mitochondrial Signaling: Forwards, backwards, and In between. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013;**2013**:1-10 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23819011

[33] Zhang L, Wang H, Zhou X, Mao L, Ding K, Hu Z. Role of mitochondrial calcium uniporter-mediated Ca 2+ and iron accumulation in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2019 Feb 12 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/30756474

[34] Weidinger A, Kozlov A, Weidinger A, Kozlov AV. Biological activities of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Oxidative stress versus signal transduction. Biomolecules. 2015 Apr 15;**5**(2):472- 484 Available from: http://www.mdpi. com/2218-273X/5/2/472

[35] Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Murillo-Cabezas F, Carrillo-Vico A. Oxidative stress in traumatic brain injury. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2014 Apr;**21**(10):1201-1211 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24350853

[36] Rousset CI, Baburamani AA, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Mitochondria and perinatal brain injury. In: Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2012. pp. 35-38

[37] Kagan VE, Chu CT, Tyurina YY, Cheikhi A, Bayir H. Cardiolipin asymmetry, oxidation and signaling. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2014 Apr;**179**:64-69. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/24300280

[38] Toro-Urrego N, Garcia-Segura LM, Echeverria V, Barreto GE. Testosterone protects mitochondrial function and regulates Neuroglobin expression in

Astrocytic cells exposed to glucose deprivation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2016 Jun;**27**(8):152 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/27445795

[39] Paradies G, Petrosillo G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM. Role of cardiolipin peroxidation and Ca2+in mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. Cell Calcium. 2009;**45**:643-650

[40] Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Research. 2016 Jun 1;**1640**(Pt A):57-76 Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872597

[41] Cristofori L, Tavazzi B, Gambin R, Vagnozzi R, Vivenza C, Amorini AM, et al. Early onset of lipid peroxidation after human traumatic brain injury: A fatal limitation for the free radical scavenger pharmacological therapy? Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2001;**49**(5):450-458

[42] Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ. The role of astroglia in neuroprotection. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2009;**11**(3):281-295 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/19877496

[43] Karki P, Webb A, Zerguine A, Choi J, Son DS, Lee E. Mechanism of raloxifene-induced upregulation of glutamate transporters in rat primary astrocytes. Glia. 2014;**62**(8):1270-1283

[44] Guillamón-Vivancos T, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): función y caracterización molecular. Neurología. 2015 Mar;**30**(2):119-129 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/23465689

[45] Fuller S, Steele M, Münch G. Activated astroglia during chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease— Do they neglect their neurosupportive roles? Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen. 2010 Aug 7;**690**(1-2):40-49 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/19748514

[46] Lee KM, AG ML. New advances on glial activation in health and disease. World J Virol. 2015 May 12;**4**(2):42-55 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/25964871

[47] Sullivan SM, Björkman ST, Miller SM, Colditz PB, Pow DV. Morphological changes in white matter astrocytes in response to hypoxia/ ischemia in the neonatal pig. Brain Research. 2010 Mar;**1319**:164-174 Available from: http://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0006899310000491

[48] Wei S, Tong J, Xue Q, Liu Y, Xu X. Effect of puerarin on transcriptome of astrocyte during oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2017 Jan 1;**425**(1-2):113-123

[49] Rocha-Ferreira E, Hristova M. Antimicrobial peptides and complement in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induced brain damage. Frontiers in Immunology. 2015;6:56. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729383 [cited 12 March 2018]

[50] Hirayama Y, Koizumi S. Astrocytes and ischemic tolerance. Neuroscience Research. 2018;**126**:53-59. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0168010217306946 [cited 12 March 2018]

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[52] Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal

**235**

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The Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3308-3315. Available from: /pmc/articles/

[60] Gopagondanahalli KR, Li J, Fahey MC, Hunt RW,

Jenkin G, Miller SL, et al. Preterm hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Vol. 4, Frontiers in Pediatrics. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2016. p. 1. Available from: /pmc/articles/

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July 2020]

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[cited 19 July 2020]

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Environmental enrichment ameliorates perinatal brain injury and promotes functional white matter recovery. Nature Communications. 2020 Dec 1;11(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/ PMC7031237/?report=abstract [cited 19

[63] Andjelkovic A V., Stamatovic SM, Phillips CM, Martinez-Revollar G, Keep RF. Modeling blood–brain barrier pathology in cerebrovascular disease in vitro: Current and future paradigms. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020 Dec 16;17(1):44. Available from: https:// fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s12987-020-00202-7

PMC6742293/?report=abstract [cited 19

PMC5071348/?report=abstract [cited 19

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2008;**18**(4-5):295-299

PMC4543908/

[55] Paternotte E, Gaucher C, Labrude P, Stoltz JF, Menu P. Review: Behaviour of endothelial cells faced with hypoxia. Bio-medical Materials and Engineering.

[56] Salvador E, Burek M, Förster CY. Stretch and/or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in an in vitro traumatic brain injury (TBI) model induces calcium alteration and inflammatory cascade. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2015 Aug 21;**9**:323 Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/

[57] Huang BY, Castillo M. Hypoxicischemic brain injury: Imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Radiographics. 2008 Mar;28(2):417-439. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/18349449/ [cited 19 July 2020]

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[cited 12 March 2018]

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hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, models, and therapeutic challenges. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;11:78. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28533743 [cited 12 March 2018]

*Neuroprotection - New Approaches and Prospects*

roles? Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen. 2010 Aug 7;**690**(1-2):40-49 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[46] Lee KM, AG ML. New advances on glial activation in health and disease. World J Virol. 2015 May 12;**4**(2):42-55 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

Morphological changes in white matter astrocytes in response to hypoxia/ ischemia in the neonatal pig. Brain Research. 2010 Mar;**1319**:164-174 Available from: http://linkinghub.

[48] Wei S, Tong J, Xue Q, Liu Y, Xu X. Effect of puerarin on transcriptome of astrocyte during oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

pubmed/19748514

nih.gov/pubmed/25964871

elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0006899310000491

2017 Jan 1;**425**(1-2):113-123

[cited 12 March 2018]

12 March 2018]

March 2018]

[49] Rocha-Ferreira E, Hristova M. Antimicrobial peptides and complement in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induced brain damage. Frontiers in Immunology. 2015;6:56. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25729383

[50] Hirayama Y, Koizumi S. Astrocytes and ischemic tolerance. Neuroscience Research. 2018;**126**:53-59. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0168010217306946 [cited

[51] Sofroniew M V. Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation. Vol. 16, Nature Reviews Neuroscience. NIH Public Access; 2015. p. 249-263. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/25891508 [cited 12

[52] Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal

[47] Sullivan SM, Björkman ST, Miller SM, Colditz PB, Pow DV.

Astrocytic cells exposed to glucose deprivation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2016 Jun;**27**(8):152 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

nih.gov/pubmed/27445795

[39] Paradies G, Petrosillo G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM. Role of cardiolipin peroxidation and Ca2+in mitochondrial dysfunction and disease.

Cell Calcium. 2009;**45**:643-650

[40] Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Research. 2016 Jun 1;**1640**(Pt A):57-76 Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872597

[41] Cristofori L, Tavazzi B, Gambin R, Vagnozzi R, Vivenza C, Amorini AM, et al. Early onset of lipid peroxidation after human traumatic brain injury: A fatal limitation for the free radical scavenger pharmacological therapy? Journal of Investigative Medicine.

[42] Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ. The role of astroglia in neuroprotection. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2009;**11**(3):281-295 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[43] Karki P, Webb A, Zerguine A, Choi J, Son DS, Lee E. Mechanism of raloxifene-induced upregulation of glutamate transporters in rat primary astrocytes. Glia. 2014;**62**(8):1270-1283

Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): función y caracterización molecular. Neurología. 2015 Mar;**30**(2):119-129 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

[44] Guillamón-Vivancos T,

nih.gov/pubmed/23465689

[45] Fuller S, Steele M, Münch G. Activated astroglia during chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease— Do they neglect their neurosupportive

2001;**49**(5):450-458

pubmed/19877496

**234**

[53] Ziemka-Nalecz M, Jaworska J, Zalewska T. Insights into the Neuroinflammatory responses after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2017 Aug;**76**(8):644-654. Available from: https://academic.oup. com/jnen/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ jnen/nlx046 [cited 12 March 2018]

[54] Lee WLA, Michael-Titus AT, Shah DK. Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and the blood-brain barrier in neonates. Developmental Neuroscience. 2017;**39**(1-4):49-58

[55] Paternotte E, Gaucher C, Labrude P, Stoltz JF, Menu P. Review: Behaviour of endothelial cells faced with hypoxia. Bio-medical Materials and Engineering. 2008;**18**(4-5):295-299

[56] Salvador E, Burek M, Förster CY. Stretch and/or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in an in vitro traumatic brain injury (TBI) model induces calcium alteration and inflammatory cascade. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2015 Aug 21;**9**:323 Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4543908/

[57] Huang BY, Castillo M. Hypoxicischemic brain injury: Imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Radiographics. 2008 Mar;28(2):417-439. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/18349449/ [cited 19 July 2020]

[58] Folkerth RD. Neuropathologic substrate of cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology. 2005 Dec 2;20(12):940-949. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.117 7/08830738050200120301 [cited 19 July 2020]

[59] McQuillen PS, Sheldon RA, Shatz CJ, Ferriero DM. Selective vulnerability of subplate neurons after early neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3308-3315. Available from: /pmc/articles/ PMC6742293/?report=abstract [cited 19 July 2020]

[60] Gopagondanahalli KR, Li J, Fahey MC, Hunt RW, Jenkin G, Miller SL, et al. Preterm hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Vol. 4, Frontiers in Pediatrics. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2016. p. 1. Available from: /pmc/articles/ PMC5071348/?report=abstract [cited 19 July 2020]

[61] Hoon AH, Stashinko EE, Nagae LM, Lin DDM, Keller J, Bastian A, et al. Sensory and motor deficits in children with cerebral palsy born preterm correlate with diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities in thalamocortical pathways. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2009;51(9):697- 704. Available from: /pmc/articles/ PMC2908264/?report=abstract [cited 19 July 2020]

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2018]

April 2018]

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Brierley JB. The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Annals of Neurology 1981 Feb;9(2):131-141. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

pubmed/7235629 [cited 15 April 2018]

Ullman LM, et al. White matter injury correlates with hypertonia in an animal model of cerebral palsy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2007 Feb 17;27(2):270-281. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/16736047 [cited 16 April 2018]

[67] Kida H, Nomura S, Shinoyama M, Ideguchi M, Owada Y, Suzuki M. The effect of hypothermia therapy on cortical laminar disruption following ischemic injury in neonatal mice. Borlongan C V., editor. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 23;8(7):e68877. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23894362 [cited 16 April 2018]

[68] Lin EP, Miles L, Hughes EA, McCann JC, Vorhees C V.,

McAuliffe JJ, et al. A combination of mild hypothermia and Sevoflurane affords long-term protection in a modified neonatal mouse model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2014 Nov;119(5):1158- 1173. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878681 [cited

[69] Dominguez R, Zitting M, Liu Q, Patel A, Babadjouni R, Hodis DM, et al. Estradiol protects white matter of male

[66] Drobyshevsky A, Derrick M, Wyrwicz AM, Ji X, Englof I,

[64] Disdier C, Stonestreet BS. Hypoxic‐ischemic‐related

[cited 19 July 2020]

[65] Rice JE, Vannucci RC,

**236**

16 April 2018]

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[76] Cui X, Fu Z, Wang M, Nan X, Zhang B. Pitavastatin treatment induces neuroprotection through the BDNF-TrkB signalling pathway in cultured cerebral neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurological Research. 2018 Mar 16;1-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/29544396 [cited 18 April 2018]

[77] He W, Liu Y, Tian X. Rosuvastatin improves Neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation via Notch1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and functional improvement. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2018 Jan 17;12:6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/29387001 [cited 18 April 2018]

[78] Kim M, Jung K, Kim I-S, Lee I-S, Ko Y, Shin JE, et al. TNF-α induces human neural progenitor cell survival after oxygen–glucose deprivation by activating the NF-κB pathway. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2018 Apr 6;50(4):14. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/29622770 [cited 18 April 2018]

[79] Dong Y-F, Guo R-B, Ji J, Cao L-L, Zhang L, Chen Z-Z, et al. S1PR3 is essential for phosphorylated fingolimod to protect astrocytes against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuroinflammation via inhibiting TLR2/4-NFκB signalling. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2018 Mar 13; Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29536648 [cited 18 April 2018]

[80] Wang Z, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhou H, Wang S, Chen D, et al. Inhibition of HSP90α protects cultured neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation induced necroptosis by decreasing RIP3 expression. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2018 Jun;**233**(6):4864-4884 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/29334122

[81] Wang K, Zhu Y. Dexmedetomidine protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injuryinduced apoptosis via the p38 MAPK/ ERK signalling pathway. The Journal of International Medical Research. 2018 Feb 6;**46**(2):675-686 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/29210287

[82] BAE S, H-J JEONG, CHA HJ, KIM K, CHOI YM, I-S AN, et al. The hypoxia-mimetic agent cobalt chloride induces cell cycle arrest and alters gene expression in U266 multiple myeloma cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2012 Nov 1;**30**(5):1180-1186 Available from: https://www.spandidospublications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1115

[83] Guo M, Song L-P, Jiang Y, Liu W, Yu Y, Chen G-Q. Hypoxia-mimetic agents desferrioxamine and cobalt chloride induce leukemic cell apoptosis through different hypoxia-inducible factor-1α independent mechanisms. Apoptosis. 2006 Jan 13;**11**(1):67-77 Available from: http://link.springer. com/10.1007/s10495-005-3085-3

[84] Bordt EA. The importance of controlling in vitro oxygen tension to accurately model in vivo neurophysiology. Neurotoxicology. 2018 May;**66**:213-220 Available from: https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0161813X17302127

[85] Khan M, Khan H, Singh I, Singh AK. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha stabilization for regenerative therapy in traumatic brain injury. Neural Regeneration Research. 2017

May;**12**(5):696-701 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/28616019

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*Neuroprotection - New Approaches and Prospects*

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pubmed/8296824

pubmed/7603788

nih.gov/pubmed/3275028

[96] Gressens P, Marret S,

Evrard P. Developmental spectrum of the excitotoxic cascade induced by ibotenate: A model of hypoxic insults in fetuses and neonates. Neuropathology and Applied

Neurobiology. 1996 May 30;**22**(6):498-

org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1996.tb01123.x

502 Available from: https://doi.

[97] Baud O, Daire J-L, Dalmaz Y, Fontaine RH, Krueger RC, Sebag G, et al. Gestational hypoxia induces white matter damage in neonatal rats: A new model of periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Pathology. 2004 Jan;**14**(1):1-10 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

nih.gov/pubmed/14997932

[98] Sheldon A, Chuai J, Ferriero DM. A rat model for hypoxic-ischemic brain

Johnston BM, Gluckman PD. Increased vulnerability to neuronal damage after umbilical cord occlusion in fetal sheep with advancing gestation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 Jan;**170**(1 Pt 1):206-214 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[94] Thoresen M, Penrice J, Lorek A, Cady EB, Wylezinska M, Kirkbride V, et al. Mild hypothermia after severe transient hypoxia-ischemia ameliorates delayed cerebral energy failure in the Newborn piglet. Pediatric Research. 1995 May;**37**(5):667-670 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[95] Laptook AR, Hassan A, Peterson J, Corbett RJ, Nunnally RL, et al. NMR in Biomedicine. 1988 Apr;**1**(2):74-79 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.

May;**12**(5):696-701 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[86] Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Master regulator of O2

homeostasis. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1998 Oct;**8**(5):588-594 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

[87] Ke Q, Costa M. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). 2006; Available from: http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org.

[88] Huang LE, Gu J, Schau M, Bunn HF. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is mediated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitinproteasome pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 Jul 7;**95**(14):7987-7992 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

pubmed/28616019

gov/pubmed/9794818

pubmed/9653127

pubmed/9278140

ana.410320511

[89] Wenger RH, Gassmann M.

Oxygen(es) and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biological Chemistry. 1997 Jul;**378**(7):609-616 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

[90] Tan WKM, Williams CE, Gunn AJ, Mallard CE, Gluckman PD. Suppression of postischemic epileptiform activity with MK-801 improves neural outcome in fetal sheep. Annals of Neurology. 1992 Nov 1;**32**(5):677-682 Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/

[91] Gunn AJ, Gunn TR, de Haan HH, Williams CE, Gluckman PD. Dramatic neuronal rescue with prolonged selective head cooling after ischemia in fetal lambs. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 Jan 15;**99**(2):248- 256. Available from http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005993

[92] Reddy K, Mallard C, Guan J, Marks K, Bennet L, Gunning M, et al. Maturational

**238**

[99] Back SA, Han BH, Luo NL, Chricton CA, Xanthoudakis S, Tam J, et al. Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia-ischemia. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2002 Jan 15;**22**(2):455- 463 Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784790

[100] Yang D, Sun Y-Y, Bhaumik SK, Li Y, Baumann JM, Lin X, et al. Blocking lymphocyte trafficking with FTY720 prevents inflammation-sensitized hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in Newborns. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2014 Dec 3;**34**(49):16467-16481 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/25471584

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