• **Disadvantages of APTEEN**

i. In this cluster formation takes place in multi-level, that sometime results in overhead.

ii. The second disadvantage is that it requires additional complexity to threshold-function and time count.

### *3.2.5 HEED – (hybrid, energy-efficient distributed clustering protocol)*

HEED Protocol is introduced as an extension of LEACH feature in order to acquire power balancing feature for cluster selection by utilizing residual energy and node density. It works in multi-hop pattern within inter-cluster communication through adaptive power transmission. The HEED protocol is mainly introduced for achieving following features:


In this protocol the cluster formation processes perform in various cycles. Each cycle takes long duration to get messages from corresponded nodes in the cluster. A probability factor is used to bound the initialization of CH selection at first cycle. In this, every sensor node uses a probability factor to become a CH. The mathematical expression is given as follows:

$$N\_{CH-prob} = C\_{prob} \left(\frac{P\_{Residual}}{P\_{\max}}\right) \tag{5}$$

The above Eq. (5), NCHprob is the probability of node that wants to be becomes CH, Rresidual is the estimated remaining energy in the senor node and Pmax is the maximum power equivalent to a charged battery source.

In this the Value of NCHprob must be higher than the minimum threshold value Tmin. If NCHprob < 1, then CH is an temporary-CH or if its NCHprob equal to 1, then NCH will become is the final CH. The recent elected CHs will be added to the current CHs set. If the sensor node is elected to be CH, then it broadcasts the message as it becomes temporary CH or a final CH. The node that hearing the CH lists chooses the CH with the minimal cost from the group of CHs. Afterwards, each nodes increase its probability value to become CH in next round. If the sensor node completes cycle of HEED execution without choosing to become a CH or to connect to the cluster, it will declare itself to be the final CH. If a temporary CH node hears from a lower cost CH, it can become a regular node in a later iteration (**Table 1**).

#### • **Advantage of HEED protocols**



guidance and suggestions imparted at every stage of this work. Thereafter, he guided and enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. His wide knowledge, logical thinking, encouragement and personal guidance have enriched my knowledge and have provided a good basis for the present work. He stood by me in all my efforts during the tenure. His cooperation, understanding and patience are incredible. I am glad to have an opportunity to be one of those privileged to work with him. I learned from him the concepts of research, style of writing, art of presentation and essentials of communications. It is mainly his support and

encouragement which have made this work possible.

*Energy Saving Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93595*

**Author details**

**169**

C. Parvathi\* and Suresha Talanki

provided the original work is properly cited.

Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: pvc3119@gmail.com

#### **Table 1.**

*Comparison Conventional Hierarchal Routing Protocols [22].*


#### • **Disadvantage of HEED Protocols**


#### **4. Summary**

This chapter briefly discusses the various power-aware existing hierarchical routing protocols designed for WSN. Initially, this chapter discussed the background of the WSN and the factors associated with energy utilization in sensor nodes. The common goal of all of the above discussed protocols is to extend the life of the WSN by minimizing energy consumption without affecting packet transmission. It is also emphasized that all protocols have some limitations and advantages. The main motivation for this chapter is to analyze the difficulty and issues in existing routing protocol in order to design an effective low-power consumption routing protocol.

### **Acknowledgements**

I express my profound gratitude to my research supervisor Dr. SURESHA, Principal, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for his inspiring

#### *Energy Saving Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93595*

guidance and suggestions imparted at every stage of this work. Thereafter, he guided and enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. His wide knowledge, logical thinking, encouragement and personal guidance have enriched my knowledge and have provided a good basis for the present work. He stood by me in all my efforts during the tenure. His cooperation, understanding and patience are incredible. I am glad to have an opportunity to be one of those privileged to work with him. I learned from him the concepts of research, style of writing, art of presentation and essentials of communications. It is mainly his support and encouragement which have made this work possible.
