c. **Security and surveillance:**

Each sensor node should have sufficient security mechanisms in order to prevent unauthorized access, attacks, and unintentional damage of the information inside of the sensor node [10]. For this type of application, the nodes are placed at fixed locations to continuously supervise some parameters in order to detect possible anomalies like a fire, a toxic gas, or even a roof failure using micro seismic and rock deformation sensors. Here again, while developing the required application, if important characteristics are taken in consideration, then the developed application will give more efficient results.

Ultimately we have seen that the consideration of characteristics while developing any of the applications helps to give high, accurate and efficient results. **Table 2** helps you to understand the importance of characteristics in all respective applications.


*Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97079*



**11. Challenges in wireless sensor nodes in various ways for an**

**Parameter Description Challenges**

sensor lifetime. Energy is consumed for node operations sensing, data collection and network operations like data communications via different communication protocols.

Wireless sensor networks once deployed should be able to work without any human intervention. It should be able to manage the network

configuration, adaptation, maintenance, and repair by itself

environment.

of programs.

inherently rough.

Operating Systems for WSNs should be less difficult than the general operating systems. Application developers create interfaces between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds

Quality of service is the needed service which is provided by the sensor networks to its users. Though, it is hard to say, due to the dynamic nature of network topology, and the available state information for routing is

Energy is an important factor for sensor lifetime. Energy is consumed for node operations sensing, data collection and network operations like data communications via different communication protocols. Platforms which can adapt to run-time situations will play an important role in wireless sensor networks. Hardware/Software configuration move forward complex operations and provides a flexible or easy way for communication mechanisms to deal with complex network structures. Due to small size the nodes have also restricted resources such as CPU performance, memory, communication bandwidth and range. The range of sensor nodes can cover a limited area of the physical To manage limited battery by designing and implementing various energy efficient hardware and software

To manage various unpredictable changes which occurred in the environment like in remote areas and harsh environments, without infrastructure support or the possibility for maintenance and repair they need

The traditional sensor node architecture, which has software implementation running on a fixed hardware design, is no longer fit to the changing requirements for new upcoming

The operation behavior changes because of the application requirements and the

It should have a stress-free programming paradigm. They should be able to concentrate on their application logic instead of being concerned with the low level hardware issues like scheduling, preempting and networking.

Sensor networks need to be complete with the required volume of bandwidth so that it is able to achieve a minimal required QoS. QoS is a tool that should be designed for an unstable QoS constrained traffic. Many times scalability is the important part of a sensor network. Adding or removing of the nodes should not affect the QoS of

the WSN.

environmental conditions To collaborate with other already deployed sensor networks and to maintain an efficient network structure, the sensor nodes require flexible communication capabilities.

protocols for WSN.

self-configuration.

technology.

Challenges in WSN are listed in **Table 3**.

1 Energy Energy is an important factor for

**application**

*Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97079*

**Sr. No.**

2 Self-

3 Hardware and Software Issues:

4 Operating System

5 Quality of Service (QoS)

**17**

Management

**Table 2.** *Importance of characteristics with applications.*
