**2. Categories of wireless networks**

*Wireless Sensor Networks - Design, Deployment and Applications*

gation of the refractivity indices in the atmosphere [21–25].

formally and generally known as 802.11)."

According to Tiwari et al. [16], wireless networks (WNs) are any category of computer system that applies wireless statistics networks to plug system nodes. They are computer systems which are usually not connected by cables irrespective of the category. The application of a wireless system aids enterprises to avoid the expensive means of making use of cables for buildings or connecting different equipment settings. The basis of any wireless systems is the radio waves/microwaves, and their application that ensues at the physical advanced level of network construction both for radio waves/microwaves, radio communications systems (RCSs) and other relevant EMWs [17–20]. These radio waves/microwaves, RCSs and other relevant EMWs as well as mereological variables are useful in the propa-

Even if WSNs have been reported to have all it takes to allow innovative applications and by so doing contribute greatly to the innovative potential markets, there is also some possibility that the design of some WSNs is affected by several limitations which call for innovative models. According to Verdone [13], the action of detecting, processing and communication under restricted quantity of energy, explodes a crosslayer design method that characteristically necessitate the combined contemplation of circulated data/signal processing, intermediate access control and communication

Wireless machineries vary in several dimensions, most remarkably in what extent is the bandwidth they offer and the extent of the distance between the communicating nodes. Other vital differences which are included are possibly the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) they indicate and precisely the extent of the power them consume; this is greatly significant to mobile nodes [16]. As reported by Tiwari et al. [16], the four prominent wireless technologies are; "third-generation or 3G cellular wireless, Bluetooth (802.15.1), WiMAX (802.16) and Wi-Fi (more

Presently, one of the utmost conventionally employed WSNs links is typically asymmetric; implying that both endpoints are typically categories of nodes [16]. Occasionally, one endpoint is called the base-station (BS), usually without mobility, but with a wired (or at top high bandwidth) connected to other networks such as internet. The node at the reverse end from the connection since a "client node" could habitually be transportable and employs its link to the BS for its communication

WSNs have grown substantially over the years and have a momentous potential in diverse applications in areas of environmental science, medical sciences, telecommunications, education services, agriculture, surveillance, military services, etc. [3, 26–29]. It has been reported that notwithstanding the influential capabilities of WSNs, their effective development is still somehow stimulating and challenging [1–3, 26, 28, 30, 31]. Presently, in deploying WSNs, some programming procedures have been anticipated, which emphasis mostly on issues of low-level-based (LLB) systems. However, for the simplification of the design of WSNs and abstract from technological LLB specifics, high-level-based (HLB) methods have been developed and some advantageous resolutions have

Hence, in this chapter an attempt will be make at presenting an overview of WSNs machineries, some of the primary applications and values, structures in WSNs project, developments and challenges drawn from some evidence and meta-data-based survey and assessments, which is anticipated to serve as an introduction on the applications and challenges of WSNs for persons interested

**26**

in WSNs.

procedures.

with other nodes [11].

been anticipated [3].

According to Tiwari et al. [16], there are essentially five categories of WNs as illustrated in **Figure 1**.

A brief description of these essentially five categories of WNs are highlighted below.
