**3.1 Purpose**

Classically, self-powered, low-speed wireless personal area networks, such as 802.15.4, were considered unable to support IP. Now, 6LoWPAN and RPL made this possible. Even with the careful design of RPL routing, there is a need to assess this protocol in the context of more real-world applications.

Proceeding with the actual data traffic handling arrangements, the analysis of the objective functions OF0 and MRHOF should be performed first. Indeed, OF0 is the Objective Function zero, which specifies how nodes select and optimize routes based on the minimum hop count to reach the parent node, while MRHOF stands for Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function which selects routes minimizing metrics, and uses hysteresis to reduce balancing in response to small changes

*WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI*

To note that MRHOF works with Expected Transmission Count metrics (ETX) that are additive along a route and using the minimum rate to select the parent node

*Df* � *Dr*

Df denotes "forward delivery ratio" and indicates the likelihood of receiving the

Dr stands for "reverse delivery ratio" which calculates the probability of receiv-

All simulations are carried out in the CONTIKI OS operating system using the Cooja simulator, considering the settings listed in **Table 1**. To perform the required simulations at various sending intervals (3 seconds, 5 s, 10s, 30s, 60s, 120 s, 300 s), we have modified the default parameter "PERIOD" in the "collect-common.c" file. Seeing that MRHOF is the default objective function for Contiki, we have modified the files rpl-conf.h and rpl-make. We had performed about 70 simulations in Cooja to evaluate the performance of the RPL objective functions in two scenarios.

Scenario 1: we fixed the network densities and modified the values of the TX

In both scenarios, we have modified the sending intervals, allowing us to simulate highly constrained applications in lower SI values and normal applications in

Scenario 2: we fixed the values of the TX range and modified the network

In addition, a random topology will be used as this is the most suitable type chosen for the application. We implement a P2M topology, which means that there is only one sink node and the others are emitters, with a simulation time of about 10 minutes (600 seconds). The simulated platform was Tmote Sky under Unit Disk Graph Medium (UDGM) as the radio model. It should be noted that the Tmote Sky

*Propagation model* UDGM with distance loss

platform based on the MSP430 microcontroller with 10 KB of RAM and an

**Settings Value**

*Mote type* Tmote Sky *TX ratio* 100% *Simulation time* 600 seconds *Node position* Random

(12)

*ETX* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>

in the metric.

range.

higher SI values.

**Table 1.**

**109**

*Used settings in the cooja simulator.*

densities.

and calculated according to Eq. (12).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94085*

packet at the neighboring node.

ing the packet ack on receiver node side.

*3.2.2 Procedures, tests, and evaluation*

In this section, focusing on a concrete application, that of event detection, we will assess the impact sending control packets at different time intervals, using different numbers of nodes and different transmission ranges. We will show how the variation of the control packet sending intervals can affect the performance of the routing protocol for low power lossy networks, considering the packet delivery rate and the power consumption.
