**6. Conclusions**

CH to BS. It is energy efficient and balances the energy consumption of the network. Further, it minimizes the un-cluster nodes, that is, nodes that are not within the communication range of any CH are minimized. But, load balancing among CHs

that are not reachable to any CH are not considered.

*Wireless Sensor Networks - Design, Deployment and Applications*

gathering and is concentrated on the following issues:

• Duplication of data generation and forwarding

generation increases the energy consumption.

cluster-based routing protocols.

• Selection of multi-hop routing path

• Selection of cluster head

ing new routing techniques:

energy is an issue.

problem.

**96**

• Operations to perform data aggregation

Multi-objective load-balancing clustering technique (MLBC) [64] has been proposed for clustering in WSN by adopting multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) strategy which is used for CH selection. The shortest-path tree (SPT) for loop-free routing is created using Dijkstra's algorithm. It is energy efficient and reliable. But, the nodes

In energy-efficient and delay-less routing [65], CH selection is performed using firefly with cyclic randomization (FCR) algorithm. This approach reduces transmission delay in the network. But, this approach has not considered energy

Overall comparison of above routing protocols are shown in **Table 2** with the

Overall, the above discussed techniques' main objective is energy-efficient data

However, we need to concentrate on the following future directions for propos-

• Almost all protocols require location information for routing. Location finding can be done using localization or GPS techniques, which are dependent on energy consumption. Finding of sensor location with less consumption of

• Most of the multi-hop routing protocols suffer from overheads and delay due to path setup and relay nodes. Also, formation of loops in aggregate tree

• Most of the literature failed in energy calculations at the time of CH selection in

• The size (with respect to area and number of members) inequality among the clusters leads to network coverage problem due to limited communication

• Uneven distribution of cluster heads will generate unequal-sized clusters, unbalanced energy consumption between cluster members, and CH coverage

techniques used, metrics considered, and drawbacks of each solution.

• Congestion or data storm problem nearer to the base station

is not considered.

balancing.

**5. Future directions**

In this chapter, classification of data collection routing protocols in WSN has been thoroughly discussed. Various techniques such as clustering, duty cycling, aggregation, network coding, sink mobility, and cross-layered solutions, and directional antennas have been utilized by data collection routing protocols for attaining long lifetime, energy efficiency, fault tolerance, and low latency. These techniques are reviewed briefly in this chapter. Finally, this chapter demonstrates a paramount comparison among the existing approaches applicable on data collection process in WSN. Future directions of routing protocols are presented at the end of this chapter.

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