**3.1 Data exchange and communication process in WSN**

This section discusses the process of node communication for data exchange in WSN.

The node communication process in WSN uses radio frequencies as a wireless medium to link themselves among other sensors and follows a routing strategy for performing data exchange communication process in the network. Therefore, routing operations conducts a process of path retrieval where the message is communicated from the source node to the destination node. From the viewpoint of existing research studies, it has been observed that the routing protocol is the primary focus for improving energy consumption and other performance parameters in WSN. However, designing an effective routing protocol is very challenging under the constraints and dynamic topology of the WSN [7, 8].


In WSN, routing protocols are designed on various processes based on the network structure, routing operation, path organization, etc. **Figure 2** demonstrates the routing process based on different formulation strategies [9, 10].

The above **Figure 2** also shows the fundamental consideration for designing routing protocols in WSN to select the appropriate path to exchange data and communicate between the source node and the destination node.

• The routing protocol based on the Path organization includes:

**Figure 2.**

*Fundamental formulation strategies for routing process in WSN.*

