**3. Conclusion remark**

In conclusion, the book chapter covers the recent development of protic solvents as reaction media of various substitution reactions. Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions were extensively investigated in protic reaction medium and were found to be better reaction media compared to conventional aprotic solvents conditions. The protic solvents such as *tert*-amyl alcohol, *tert*-butanol, *tert*-alcoholfunctionalized ionic liquid and amine are being widely used in fluorination reactions. These solvents are adopted by radiopharmaceuticals for the synthesis of value-added imaging agents for PET. The use of protic solvents is easy access and easy handling due to high-boiling points; they can be easily separated from the product because most of them are water soluble. The primary alcohol and *tert*alcohol ionic liquids are not only used as solvents but also as promoters in various substitution reactions. These protic ionic liquids are ecofriendly and easy to synthesize and recover it after reactions.

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**Author details**

Sandip S. Shinde

Fredric-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: shinde88@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Protic Reaction Media for Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91395*

*Protic Reaction Media for Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91395*

*Photophysics, Photochemical and Substitution Reactions - Recent Advances*

*Nucleophilic fluorination on secondary substrate with metal salts using* t*-butanolamine.*

O▬H⋯nucleophile▬hydrogen bonds during the nucleophilic substitution reaction [15]. The formation of such complex did not have an effect on the reactivity of

In conclusion, the book chapter covers the recent development of protic solvents as reaction media of various substitution reactions. Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions were extensively investigated in protic reaction medium and were found to be better reaction media compared to conventional aprotic solvents conditions. The protic solvents such as *tert*-amyl alcohol, *tert*-butanol, *tert*-alcoholfunctionalized ionic liquid and amine are being widely used in fluorination reactions. These solvents are adopted by radiopharmaceuticals for the synthesis of value-added imaging agents for PET. The use of protic solvents is easy access and easy handling due to high-boiling points; they can be easily separated from the product because most of them are water soluble. The primary alcohol and *tert*alcohol ionic liquids are not only used as solvents but also as promoters in various substitution reactions. These protic ionic liquids are ecofriendly and easy to synthe-

nucleophilicity and gave a selective substituted product.

*Acyl bromide substitution reactions in presence of* tert*-butanol amine.*

*Fluorination on primary substrate in the presence of* t*-BuOH-amine.*

**3. Conclusion remark**

**Figure 13.**

**Figure 12.**

**Figure 14.**

size and recover it after reactions.

**214**
