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## Meet the editor

Dr. Vijay Kumar (PhD) has more than 15 years of research experience in the field of bacterial infections, including sepsis and pneumonia, innate immunity, immunopharmacology, immunomodulation, and inflammation. He completed his PhD in June 2009 from the Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Thereafter, he moved internationally and worked as a postdoctoral researcher at various hospitals and

universities in Canada: Sainte-Justine Hospital, University de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec (2009–2010), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (2010–2012), and Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (2012–2013). He also worked with the translational immunology group at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (2014–2015) before taking his current position working with the Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Dr. Kumar is the recipient of the prestigious "Piero Periti review article award" for 2008, awarded by the *Journal of Chemotherapy* in the field of immunomodulation and antimicrobials for the article entitled "Innate immunity in sepsis pathogenesis and its modulation: new immunomodulatory targets revealed." He was the recipient of a junior research and senior research fellowship (2004–2009) offered by the Indian Council for Medical Research, New Delhi, India. He has been awarded 17 travel awards to attend various international conferences in the field of infection and immunity. So far, he has published 50 publications in peer-reviewed international journals in this field. He also serves as an invited reviewer for journals like *Scientific Reports*, *British Journal of Pharmacology*, *Pharmacological Reports*, *Cellular and Molecular Immunology*, *Immunology*, *Innate Immunity*, etc.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Kumar Vijay*

Butantan in Brazil *by Isaias Raw*

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Vaccine Types

**Section 4**

**Section 5**

**Preface III**

History and Introduction of Vaccines **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Vaccine Development and Developing Countries **9**

**Chapter 2 11**

Types of Vaccines **29**

**Chapter 3 31**

Targeting Zoonotic Diseases via Vaccination **41**

**Chapter 4 43**

GMO-based Vaccines and their Regulatory Affairs **57**

**Chapter 5 59**

Vaccines Targeted to Zoonotic Viral Infections in the Wildlife: Potentials,

GMO Regulatory Aspects of Novel Investigational Vaccine Candidates

Introductory Chapter: The Journey of Vaccines - The Past and the Present

Developing Countries Can Innovate and Produce Vaccines: The Case of

*by Xiaoxia Dai, Yongmin Xiong, Na Li and Can Jian*

*by Salas-Rojas Mónica, Gálvez-Romero Guillermo* 

Limitations, and Future Directions

*by Amaya Leunda and Katia Pauwels*

*and Pompa-Mera Ericka Nelly*

### Contents



Preface

Vaccines are quintessential for humankind as a preventive approach to eradicate the burden of infectious diseases. For example, certain sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV-1 infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and trichomoniasis (a parasitic infection of the reproductive tract)), tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, certain parasitic infections (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, etc.), infections such as influenza, Ebola, Hanta, and Zika virus infections, and reemergence of certain infections, including measles, pertussis, or whooping cough, are possible global threats to humankind. The only possible preventive way to control these infections is through the development of effective vaccines. In addition to infectious diseases, these days development of vaccines as a tool to target cancer has also become an essential immunotherapeutic approach. Thus, vaccines are crucial tools to prevent these diseases all over the world. This book is an attempt to provide updated information required by researchers in the field of vaccinology. Following the Introduction section, the second chapter provides information regarding the scenario of innovation and development of new vaccines in developing countries. The third chapter is intended to provide updated information on types of vaccine and their development and role to target different infectious diseases. Furthermore, the fourth chapter is an informative chapter on regulatory aspects of genetically modified viral vectors and genetically modified organism-based vaccines. The fifth chapter gives emphasis to developing vaccination strategies against wildlife reservoirs for zoonotic viral infections (rabies, Hantavirus infection, and hepatitis E virus) in humans. The sixth and last chapter describes the development of vaccinia virus vectors to develop vaccines against leishmaniasis, a major health problem in developing countries. Thus, this book is a collection of well-written chapters by authors known in the field of vaccinology and immunology. However, the field of vaccinology and immunology is continuously changing and certain viewpoints expressed by the writers in this book may differ from other established scientists in the field. Therefore, I will ask readers to take this into consideration and follow developments and advancements in the field of vaccinology and immunology at both basic and clinical science levels.

> **Dr. Vijay Kumar, PhD** Research Fellow/Lecturer

> > Faculty of Medicine,

Brisbane, Australia

The University of Queensland,

Children Health Clinical Unit Queensland,
