Preface

Vaccines are quintessential for humankind as a preventive approach to eradicate the burden of infectious diseases. For example, certain sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV-1 infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and trichomoniasis (a parasitic infection of the reproductive tract)), tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, certain parasitic infections (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, etc.), infections such as influenza, Ebola, Hanta, and Zika virus infections, and reemergence of certain infections, including measles, pertussis, or whooping cough, are possible global threats to humankind. The only possible preventive way to control these infections is through the development of effective vaccines. In addition to infectious diseases, these days development of vaccines as a tool to target cancer has also become an essential immunotherapeutic approach. Thus, vaccines are crucial tools to prevent these diseases all over the world. This book is an attempt to provide updated information required by researchers in the field of vaccinology. Following the Introduction section, the second chapter provides information regarding the scenario of innovation and development of new vaccines in developing countries. The third chapter is intended to provide updated information on types of vaccine and their development and role to target different infectious diseases. Furthermore, the fourth chapter is an informative chapter on regulatory aspects of genetically modified viral vectors and genetically modified organism-based vaccines. The fifth chapter gives emphasis to developing vaccination strategies against wildlife reservoirs for zoonotic viral infections (rabies, Hantavirus infection, and hepatitis E virus) in humans. The sixth and last chapter describes the development of vaccinia virus vectors to develop vaccines against leishmaniasis, a major health problem in developing countries. Thus, this book is a collection of well-written chapters by authors known in the field of vaccinology and immunology. However, the field of vaccinology and immunology is continuously changing and certain viewpoints expressed by the writers in this book may differ from other established scientists in the field. Therefore, I will ask readers to take this into consideration and follow developments and advancements in the field of vaccinology and immunology at both basic and clinical science levels.

**II**

**Section 6**

Vaccinia-virus-derived Vectors for Zoonotic Diseases **77**

**Chapter 6 79**

Vaccinia Virus-Derived Vectors in Leishmaniases Vaccine Development

*by Dulcilene Mayrink de Oliveira, Jonatan Marques Campos,* 

*Soraia de Oliveira Silva and Maria Norma Melo*

#### **Dr. Vijay Kumar, PhD**

Research Fellow/Lecturer Children Health Clinical Unit Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

**1**

Section 1

History and Introduction

of Vaccines

Section 1
