**3. Conclusion**

Consumption of AFB1-contaminated food is the current major cause of HCC in many countries. Many studies aim to lower AFB1-induced toxicity particularly the utilization of edible plants as protective foods. This review proposed the edible plants which could alleviate AFB1-induced toxicity and concluded the possible mitigation of AFB1 toxicities through several related pathways (**Table 1** and **Figure 1**). Although the detoxification mechanism of AFB1 activated by various plants has been investigated in a pre-clinical study for a decade, clinical trial is still rarely clarified. Further investigation on a risk reduction of AFB1 still needs to be carried out especially in the clinical study.

**273**

**Plants** Cruciferous vegetables

[10] [14] [15] [16] [17] [20] [21]

> Green tea

[25] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]\*

> Purple rice

[38] [39] [40]

> Turmeric

[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]

/

/

/

> /

/ / / / /

/ /

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/ / / /

/ / /

**Reference**

**Protective effects**

**Inhibit AFB1 biosynthesis**

**Inhibit AFB1**

**Anti- oxidant**

**Anti- genotoxicity**

**Reduce cytotoxicity**

**Modulate metabolism enzymes**

/

**Inhibit hepatotoxicity**

**Decrease liver cancer**

/ / /

**absorption** / /

*Modulation of Edible Plants on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induced by Aflatoxin B1*

/ /

/

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87296*


#### *Modulation of Edible Plants on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induced by Aflatoxin B1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87296*

*Phytochemicals in Human Health*

ized these parameters [83].

ity by administration of quercetin AFB1.

**2.10 Rosemary plant (***Rosmarinus officinalis L***.)**

the cellular defensive mechanism against AFB1 [89].

detoxification [85].

AFB1-contaminated diet in rat resulted in a decrease of total proteins and RNA content and fatty acid synthase (Fas) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene expression in the liver tissue caused by AFB1 while co-administration with quercetin normal-

Even though numerous studies revealed the hepatoprotective effects of quercetin against xenobiotic-induced cellular toxicity, low bioavailability of quercetin absorbed into circulation is the remarkable barrier [84]. One of the supreme strategies widely used is nanoformulation. Quercetin nanoparticles not only demonstrated a noteworthy reduction of AFB1-induced cell death, but it also suppressed the liver toxicity caused by AFB1 including ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and GSH depletion. In addition, both quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles significantly enhanced the function of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, quercetin nanoparticles showed higher effects than quercetin [84]. These result reflexes an inhibiting ability of AFB1 toxic-

AFB1 also caused increase of cytotoxicity in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. The pre-incubation with quercetin affected to increase cell viability, AFM1 biosynthesis (low toxic metabolite of AFB1), GSH content, and mRNA level of glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1) which are important for AFB1

Rosemary plant (*Rosmarinus officinalis L*.), naturally found in the western Mediterranean region, has been widely used as a food additive. As it contains high polyphenolic contents, it shows many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant activity and antimicrobial and antimycotic properties, etc. [86]. Previous study proved that the growth of *Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus* were significantly inhibited by 4% commercial rosemary essential oil from 28.2 to 59.5% and 41.5 to 52.4%, respectively [87]. Apart from antimycotic properties, dose-dependent exposure of carnosic acid—major polyphenolic compound in rosemary plants—clearly decreased cell death caused by 10 μM AFB1. Pre-treatment to carnosic acid also reduced the production of ROS and the concentration of 8-OH-deoxyguanine, clearly confirming an involvement of carnosic acid in the protection of cytotoxicity induced by AFB1 [88]. Furthermore, both rosemary extract and its active components (carnosol and carnosic acid) exhibited a potent inhibition of DNA adduct formation. They not only inhibit phase I metabolizing enzymes but also induce phase II metabolizing enzymes such as GST that promote

Consumption of AFB1-contaminated food is the current major cause of HCC in many countries. Many studies aim to lower AFB1-induced toxicity particularly the utilization of edible plants as protective foods. This review proposed the edible plants which could alleviate AFB1-induced toxicity and concluded the possible mitigation of AFB1 toxicities through several related pathways (**Table 1** and **Figure 1**). Although the detoxification mechanism of AFB1 activated by various plants has been investigated in a pre-clinical study for a decade, clinical trial is still rarely clarified. Further investigation on a risk reduction of AFB1 still needs to be carried out

**272**

**3. Conclusion**

especially in the clinical study.


**275**

**Plants** Rosemary

[87] [88] [89] *Alleviate serum cytokine and procollagen III, NO.*

*\*\*Alleviate content of nucleic acid of liver tissue.*

**Table 1.** *The protective effects of edible plants against AFB1-induced toxicity.*

*\**

/ /

/

/

/

**Reference**

**Protective effects**

**Inhibit AFB1 biosynthesis**

**Inhibit AFB1**

**Anti- oxidant**

**Anti- genotoxicity**

**Reduce cytotoxicity**

**Modulate metabolism enzymes**

**Inhibit hepatotoxicity**

**Decrease liver cancer**

**absorption**

*Modulation of Edible Plants on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Induced by Aflatoxin B1*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87296*


*Phytochemicals in Human Health*

**274**

**Plants**

**Reference**

**Protective effects**

**Inhibit AFB1**

**Inhibit AFB1**

**Antioxidant**

**Anti- genotoxicity**

**Reduce cytotoxicity**

**Modulate metabolism enzymes**

**Inhibit hepatotoxicity**

**Decrease liver cancer**

/ / /

/

/

/

**absorption**

/

/

/ / /

/ / /

/

/ /

/

/

/

/

/

**biosynthesis**

Green

[52]

vegetables

[53] [54] [55] [56]

> Ginger

*Dialium* 

[62]

*guineense*

*Parkia* 

[64]

*biglobosa*

Carotenoidrich fruits and

[69] [70] [71] [72]

Allii Fistulosi

[76] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82]\* [83]\*\*

[84] [85]

/ /

> /

/ / /

/ /

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

Bulbus

/ /

/

/

/

/

vegetables

[57]

#### **Table 1.**

*The protective effects of edible plants against AFB1-induced toxicity.*
