**Author details**

*Phytochemicals in Human Health*

stress and free radicals in diabetic cases [143].

**7. Future direction and conclusion**

better application in human pharmacology.

such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease are well set up so that dietary antioxidant compounds was fixed to protect from the damages of oxidative

In animal experimental designs of alloxan-induced diabetes, both antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of *O. basilicum* L., *O. tenuiflorum* L., *O. canum* Sims. and *O. gratissimum* L. have been reported. By treating alloxan-diabetic rabbits [141, 142, 144], made a significant decrease in blood glucose levels as corresponded with diabetic control rabbits. Such a hypoglycemic work was related to its powerful antioxidant potentiality: in evidence, in interact, the rabbits studied with *Ocimum* oil showed further a renewal of the levels of malondialdehyde and most of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic endogenous antioxidants [141, 142, 144]. Similar results were achieved in alloxan-diabetic rats: the control, of *Ocimum tenuiflorum*rich extracts showed significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects in all the investigated diabetic rats [145, 146]. In an identical empirical design, *O. gratissimum* L. led to a decrease in the sugar level in plasma and a rise in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in liver and kidney. Furthermore, an opposed reaction against hepatic and renal toxicity in diabetic rats was also observed [147, 148]. Furthermore, the effects of *Ocimum sanctum* leaf polyphenols have been investigated also in insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells, whose OS-induced alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes [149].

Despite the many appreciations of science and industry, present practice is filled

The biodiversity of essential oils containing the small molecular terpenoids remains an enchanted field of investigation, and the continuous usage of this reward in a broad field of studies suggested these demands in the consequent [151]. Screening, identifying, and dealing with this vast biodiversity will require a progressing progress of precise, rich-throughput experimental methods including new driving procedures. The beneficial health effects of *Ocimum* oil compounds have also been proven by many randomized, crossover, controlled, human studies on biomarkers of health performed in the last decades. Several preclinical studies suggest that such beneficial effects may be mainly ascribed to the phenolic compounds. Further development of biotechnology with the genomic and metabolomic analyses and genetic engineering will advance a variety of fields involving bioactive compounds ranging from food and animal nutrition to plant protection. Although many biological activities as antimicrobial or antioxidative and other effects have been intensively studied and well documented. However, well studies are needed to further characterize the *in vivo* effects of individual *Ocimum* derivatives applied as specific agents or in a mixture, consisting of their safety analysis on mortals. Moreover, a better evidence of their molecular procedure of activity may appropriate the system to a

with stress. Mobile devices and the web have vastly enhanced the pace of life so that many people feel that they are now going down in an endless-increasing ocean of data, while technical culture has overwhelmed us with growing vulnerability to unhealthy prepared and packed food and a profusion of pesticides, food container components, and many toxic modern chemicals. Urban citizens are nevertheless dealt with growing prosperity disparity, social segregation, excessive turbulence, air, water and soil pollution and disconnection from nature. Therefore, while industrialization experiences served to stronger lifespans and impressive expansions in human populations, it is now agreed that the extremest causes of death and disease

on the globe are preventable lifestyle-related chronic diseases [150].

**194**

Debjoy Bhattacharjya1 , Sinchan Adhikari<sup>2</sup> , Arijit Biswas2 , Anil Bhuimali1 , Parthadeb Ghosh<sup>2</sup> and Soumen Saha1,2\*

1 Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding Section, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India

2 Cytogenetics and Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

\*Address all correspondence to: thustu@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
