**Author details**

Pornngarm Limtrakul (Dejkriengkraikul)1,2\*, Warathit Semmarath1,2 and Sariya Mapoung1,2

1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

2 The Excellent Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

\*Address all correspondence to: pornngarm.d@cmu.ac.th

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**19**

*Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Natural Pigmented Rice and Their Bioactivities*

mice. The Journal of Nutrition.

[10] Revilla E, Santa-María C, Miramontes E, Candiracci M, Rodríguez-Morgado B, Carballo M,

et al. Antiproliferative and immunoactivatory ability of an

Chemistry. 2013;**136**(2):526-531

[11] Nam S, Choi S, Kang M, Koh H, Kozukue N, Friedman M. Bran extracts from pigmented rice seeds inhibit tumor promotion in lymphoblastoid B cells by phorbol ester. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2005;**43**(5):741-745

[12] Banjerdpongchai R, Wudtiwai B, Sringarm K. Cytotoxic and apoptoticinducing effects of purple rice extracts and chemotherapeutic drugs on human cancer cell lines. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.

2013;**14**(11):6541-6548

molecules24040813

[13] Upanan S, Yodkeeree S, Thippraphan P, Punfa W, Wongpoomchai R, Limtrakul Dejkriengkraikul P. The

proanthocyanidin-rich fraction obtained from red rice germ and bran extract induces HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. Molecules. 2019;**24**(4):813-823. DOI: 10.3390/

[14] Chen P-N, Kuo W-H, Chiang C-L, Chiou H-L, Hsieh Y-S, Chu S-C. Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2006;**163**(3):218-229

enzymatic extract from rice bran. Food

[9] Forster GM, Raina K, Kumar A, Kumar S, Agarwal R, Chen M-H, et al. Rice varietal differences in bioactive bran components for inhibition of colorectal cancer cell growth. Food Chemistry. 2013;**141**(2):1545-1552

2006;**136**(8):2220-2225

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86962*

[1] The Rice Department MoAaC. Thailand Rice Cultivation Areas. 2018, October 18. Available from: www. ricethailand.go.th/rkb3/Eb\_024.pdf

[2] Mo A. Government of India. 2008. Available from: www.indiastat.com

[3] FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Preliminary Agricultural Production 2009 data. Available from: http://

[4] Chinprahast N, Tungsomboon T, Nagao P. Antioxidant activities of Thai pigmented rice cultivars and application in sunflower oil. International Journal of Food Science and Technology.

[5] Chen MH, McClung AM, Bergman CJ. Bran data of total flavonoid and total phenolic contents, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and profiles of proanthocyanidins and whole grain physical traits of 32 red and purple rice varieties. Data in Brief. 2016;**8**:6-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.001

[6] Surarit W, Jansom C, Lerdvuthisopon N, Kongkham S, Hansakul P. Evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic subtype contents of ethanolic bran extracts of Thai pigmented rice varieties through chemical and cellular assays. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;**50**(4):990-998

[7] Limtrakul P, Yodkeeree S, Pitchakarn P, Punfa W. Anti-inflammatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich red rice extract via suppression of MAPK, AP-1 and NF-κB pathways in raw 264.7 macrophages. Nutrition Research and

[8] Xia X, Ling W, Ma J, Xia M, Hou M, Wang Q, et al. An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E–deficient

Practice. 2016;**10**(3):251-258

**References**

faostat.fao.org

2016;**51**(1):46-53

*Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Natural Pigmented Rice and Their Bioactivities DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86962*
