**3. Isolation method of phytochemicals in** *C. inophyllum* **leaves**

Polarity is one of the characteristics of chemical bonding, where two different atoms within the same molecule have a different electronegativity. As a result, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally by the two atoms. This causes the electric field (pole) to be asymmetric. Covalent bonding of molecules can be described as polar or nonpolar.

The polar compound is a compound formed by a single atom which has electronegativity substantially greater than the other. The more electronegative the atom, the pull of the bonding electrons is greater. The result is a bond with an uneven electron dense distribution. The nonpolar compound is a compound formed by atoms with the same or nearly the same electronegativity and forms covalent bonds, where both atoms apply traction which equals or nearly equals to the bonding electrons. Generally, the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are the most common types of nonpolar bond [53].

To identify polar and nonpolar compounds from the *C. inophyllum* leaves, the first idea is separating their compounds based on the solvent used (solvent polarity index). Methanol and water are polar solvent with a polarity index of 5.1 and 9, respectively. For n-hexane or petroleum ether is nonpolar solvent with a polarity index of 0 [54]. It can be expected that polar compounds which are contained in the *C. inophyllum* leaves can be dissolved in a polar solvent and vice versa. Relative polarities of several solvents can be seen in **Table 3.**

Extraction is the separation process of material from a solid or some material from liquid with the help of the solvent. Extraction can be defined as a method of separating components of a mixture by using a suitable solvent. Solutes (dissolved substances) are separated in a manner distributed between two layers of solvents based on their solubility. Extraction is a separation of the compounds contained in the liquid material/solid using certain solvents at any given temperature.

In general, extraction techniques can be classified into two general categories:


Percolation is an extraction technique that done repeatedly and performed at a room temperature. This is similar to maceration, but after soaking for a certain time, the solvent is removed and replaced with a new solvent. After filtration, the filtrate obtained is called percolate [55].

According to Mulyono [55], in terms of the extraction mechanism, known to some type of extraction, namely:

#### 1. Single-stage extraction

Single-stage extraction is the extraction method using a single type of solvent, and extraction is only done once with a solvent.

**39**

used.

**4. Conclusions**

Calophyllum inophyllum*: Beneficial Phytochemicals, Their Uses, and Identification*

**Formula Group Solvents**

Nonpolar R-H Alkanes Petroleum ethers, hexanes, ligroin Ar-H Aromatics Toluene R-O-R Ethers Diethyl ether

> R-COOR Esters Ethyl acetate R-CO-R Aldehydes, ketones Acetone, MEK

R-X Alkyl halides Trichloromethane, chloroform

R-NH2 Amines Pyridine, triethylamine R-OH Alcohols MeOH, EtOH, IPA, butanol R-COHN2 Amides Dimethylformamide R-COOH Carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid

Repeated extraction is the extraction method using a solvent, but the process is

Stage extraction is the extraction method using some type of solvent extraction, such

as after extraction with the first solvent, followed by using other solvents, and so on.

Solvents are not or only partially soluble solids or liquids with continuous contact; the active agents move from a mixture of solids/liquid (raffinate) to the solvent (extract). After mixing the two phases, the separation process is done on the

Yunitasari [57] describes the effect of solvent on the various types of tray number from 6 to 10 for taking *C. inophyllum* oil with column extraction. From the experimental results, the authors explain that the more the number of trays, the less time is required for a solvent to extract the oil. The solvent used are between n-petroleum and n-hexane. From the experimental results, the authors explain that the maximum condition extraction was achieved by n-petroleum in the seventh tray. The amount of oil was decreasing by increasing number of tray. In the other hand, the amount of oil was increasing with number of tray while n-hexane was

The identification and uses of beneficial phytochemicals contained in *C. inophyllum* leaves were presented in this book chapter. It was found that all parts of *C. inophyllum* plant can be used for human needs. The information is limited to extraction and identification of mixture of phytochemical compounds that are obtained from plant extracts. The separation of individual phytochemical compounds still remains unknown. Therefore, further research on the determining of

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86991*

**Relative polarity**

**Table 3.**

2. Repeated extraction

*Relative polarity of solvents [54].*

3. Stage extraction

repeated with a number of solvents.

Polar H-O-H Water

principle of gravity or centrifugal force [56].

phytochemicals content in this plant is necessary.

Calophyllum inophyllum*: Beneficial Phytochemicals, Their Uses, and Identification DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86991*


#### **Table 3.**

*Phytochemicals in Human Health*

as polar or nonpolar.

given temperature.

immiscible solvents.

filtrate obtained is called percolate [55].

and extraction is only done once with a solvent.

some type of extraction, namely:

1. Single-stage extraction

common types of nonpolar bond [53].

polarities of several solvents can be seen in **Table 3.**

**3. Isolation method of phytochemicals in** *C. inophyllum* **leaves**

Polarity is one of the characteristics of chemical bonding, where two different atoms within the same molecule have a different electronegativity. As a result, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally by the two atoms. This causes the electric field (pole) to be asymmetric. Covalent bonding of molecules can be described

The polar compound is a compound formed by a single atom which has electronegativity substantially greater than the other. The more electronegative the atom, the pull of the bonding electrons is greater. The result is a bond with an uneven electron dense distribution. The nonpolar compound is a compound formed by atoms with the same or nearly the same electronegativity and forms covalent bonds, where both atoms apply traction which equals or nearly equals to the bonding electrons. Generally, the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are the most

To identify polar and nonpolar compounds from the *C. inophyllum* leaves, the first idea is separating their compounds based on the solvent used (solvent polarity index). Methanol and water are polar solvent with a polarity index of 5.1 and 9, respectively. For n-hexane or petroleum ether is nonpolar solvent with a polarity index of 0 [54]. It can be expected that polar compounds which are contained in the *C. inophyllum* leaves can be dissolved in a polar solvent and vice versa. Relative

Extraction is the separation process of material from a solid or some material from liquid with the help of the solvent. Extraction can be defined as a method of separating components of a mixture by using a suitable solvent. Solutes (dissolved substances) are separated in a manner distributed between two layers of solvents based on their solubility. Extraction is a separation of the compounds contained in the liquid material/solid using certain solvents at any

In general, extraction techniques can be classified into two general categories:

1.Short-term extraction is extraction techniques typically used to separate a substance (liquid form), on the basis of differences in solubility of the two

2.Long-term extraction is an extraction technique normally used to separate the natural material (solid form) contained in plants or animals. It is a classic procedure to obtain the organic matter content of dry plant tissue by soaking

Percolation is an extraction technique that done repeatedly and performed at a room temperature. This is similar to maceration, but after soaking for a certain time, the solvent is removed and replaced with a new solvent. After filtration, the

According to Mulyono [55], in terms of the extraction mechanism, known to

Single-stage extraction is the extraction method using a single type of solvent,

with certain solvents (polar or nonpolar solvents) [29].

**38**

*Relative polarity of solvents [54].*

#### 2. Repeated extraction

Repeated extraction is the extraction method using a solvent, but the process is repeated with a number of solvents.

#### 3. Stage extraction

Stage extraction is the extraction method using some type of solvent extraction, such as after extraction with the first solvent, followed by using other solvents, and so on.

Solvents are not or only partially soluble solids or liquids with continuous contact; the active agents move from a mixture of solids/liquid (raffinate) to the solvent (extract). After mixing the two phases, the separation process is done on the principle of gravity or centrifugal force [56].

Yunitasari [57] describes the effect of solvent on the various types of tray number from 6 to 10 for taking *C. inophyllum* oil with column extraction. From the experimental results, the authors explain that the more the number of trays, the less time is required for a solvent to extract the oil. The solvent used are between n-petroleum and n-hexane. From the experimental results, the authors explain that the maximum condition extraction was achieved by n-petroleum in the seventh tray. The amount of oil was decreasing by increasing number of tray. In the other hand, the amount of oil was increasing with number of tray while n-hexane was used.
