**8. Conclusions**


participating in regulation of behavioral and neuroendocrinal functions of organism was detected.


Thus, administration of cholinergic drugs to rats in the prenatal period produces prolonged influence on the neurotransmitters level, sexual hormones and sexual activity in adulthood. The reproductive problems caused by injuries of neuroendocrine system during the fetal period can compromise the later success of mating as well as the capacity to generate descendants.

### **9. References**

112 Sexual Dysfunctions – Special Issue

Prenatal exposure of cholinolytics also promoted appearance of high sensitivity of sexual function of offspring to effects of antagonists cholinergic and dopaminergic systems. The methylbenactyzine (3 mg/kg) and haloperidolum (0,5 mg/kg) in the doses depressing sexual activity of intact rats only to 50 %, completely quenched implication of sexual

Thus, the research results show that sexual dysfunction of the offspring subjected to prenatal exposure of M- and N-cholinolytics is a persistent sexual function abnormality that

 Results of the investigations show that prenatal exposure by ganglerone and methylbenactyzine leads to the delayed behavioral disturbances, significant and stable failure of sexual function of puberal males offspring. Ganglerone administration to pregnant females on 10-13 days of gestation has led to violent decrease of sexual function at puberal males, low level of ejaculatory components of sexual behavior with long enough stage of ejaculation latency. Significant damage of the motivational component, high latence of mount and intromissions of offspring in G10 and G13 groups was detected. Change of sexual activity of offspring with methylbenactyzine exposure have been less expressed, and after acquisition of sexual experience, these

 The certain paradox in effect of cholinergic drugs on sexual function of males was noted: sexual activity of males is regulated by M-cholinergic system and prenatally depends on activity of N-cholinergic system. Neurotransmitter dysfunction of fertile 2 month-old males that were prenatally administered with cholinolytics predetermines predetermines behavioural disturbances, in particular sexual dysfunction of puberal

 Analysis of the received neurochemical data of the brain neurotransmitter status of 20 day-old embryos of a various genetical sex have shown that prenatal administration of cholinergic drugs of the central action type (methylbenactyzine and ganglerone) in different periods of gestation, causes a disbalance of the content of DA and 5-HT neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the embryos brain on 20 day of prenatal

 Results of the experiments show that modulation of activity by M-cholinergic and Ncholinergic systems of a developing foetus brain can lead to significant changes in activity of the basic transmitter systems of an embryonal brain. Accordingly, mechanisms of prenatal exposure of various chemical factors with cholinergic

 In the prenatal period the serotoninergic transmitter system is more sensitive to exposure of cholinolytics than dopaminergic system. The serotoninergic transmitter system is more sensitive to exposure of methylbenactyzine and ganglerone. The brain dopaminergic system of genotypical males and females embryos is more sensitive to N-

 Exposure of pregnant females in "critical periods" of prenatal embryo development to M- and N-cholinoblockers caused long-term changes in activity of neurotransmitter systems in brain structures of 2-month-old rats offspring. Significant decrease of DA, 5- HT, NA concentration and change of level of their metabolites in the brain structures

properties can be mediated both M-cholinergic and N-cholinergic system.

function at offspring G10, G13 and M10 groups.

demands long courses of pathogenetic treatment.

changes in comparison with control were levelled.

development in comparison with control group.

cholinolytic ganglerone exposure.

**8. Conclusions** 

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**7** 

*Nigeria* 

**The Effects of Sildenafil Citrate on the** 

**Liver and Kidneys of Adult Wistar Rats** 

Andrew Osayame Eweka1 and Abieyuwa Eweka2

*University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State,* 

**(***Rattus norvegicus***) – A Histological Study** 

*2School of Nursing, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City Edo State,* 

*1Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences,* 

Sildenafil citrate is widely used as an effective and safe oral treatment for erectile dysfunction of various etiologies (Goldstein et al., 1998; Cheitlin et al., 1999; Benchekroun et al., 2003). It is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 enzymes that acts to break down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) (Boolell et al., 1996). The medication amplifies the effect of sexual stimulation by retarding the degradation of this enzyme. Sildenafil has been found effective in several subpopulations of men with erectile dysfunction, including sufferers from diabetes (Basu and Ryder, 2004), hypertension (Feldman et al., 1999), spinal cord injuries (Hultling et al., 2000; Deforge et al., 2006), multiple sclerosis (Fowler et al., 2005), depression (Seidman et al., 2001; Rosen et al., 2004; Tignol et al., 2004; Fava et al., 2006), PTSD (Orr et al., 2006), and schizophrenia (Aviv et al., 2004; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2006), men after resection of the prostate or radical prostatectomy (Nandipati et al., 2006), after renal transplant (Sharma et al., 2006), men on dialysis (Dachille

et al., 2006), and men aged 65 years and older (Wagner et al., 2001; Carson, 2004).

 Psychogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) patients are excellent candidates for sildenafil citrate therapy due to the intact neurovascular pathway. Nevertheless, the drug has been reported to be effective only in about 78% of patients with psychogenic ED (McMahon et al., 2000). It is likely that performance anxiety and sympathetic overtone are the cause of this unresponsiveness to sildenafil citrate during awakening, though data supporting this assumption are lacking (Rosen, 2001). The drug has been found to be effective and well tolerated in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction of no clinically identifiable

With the presence of PDE5 in choroidal and retinal vessels sildenafil citrate increase choroidal blood flow and cause vasodilation of the retinal vasculature. The most common symptoms are a blue tinge to vision and an increased sensitivity to light (Kerr and Danesh-Meyer, 2009). Adverse effects include headache, visual and retinal disturbances, dizziness and pupil-sparing third nerve palsy (Monastero et al., 2001). There have been reports of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and serous macular detachment in users of PDE5 inhibitors; although a causal relationship has not been conclusively shown. Despite

**1. Introduction** 

organic cause (Eardley, 2001).

