1. Introduction

A national park, as a forest conservation area, has a variety of flora and fauna which can be relied upon to ensure the human survival for now and future [1]. The majority of these parks have now faced threats and interferences such as encroachment, and illegal cultivation continues to increase over time [2]. Threats and disturbances in these areas are caused by various factors, namely (1) the institutions role in forest conservation management and local population participation level of the are still not optimum (especially in the case of those living around the forest); (2) the lack awareness about the conservation area is still very low among local people; (3) the education level of local people is low; and (4) there is a lack of agricultural land [1, 3].

The forest destruction in Baluran National Park includes: (1) forest fires in 2014, with 132 fires covering an area of around 2005.90 ha. Rather than natural factors, the main causes of forest fires are local people not acting responsibly, a lack of security personnel guarding the forest, and weak law enforcement. Forest fires impact heavily on the flora and fauna. (2) Clearing activities as a result of 400 ha being devoted to agricultural plants business. (3) Timber theft (as well as theft of firewood, fruit tart, hazelnut, gebang trees, ornamental fish and over grassing) especially in the Labuhan Merak resort. (4) Cattle grazing is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the areas of Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with about 3450 ha. Cattle grazing (cows and goats) is widespread, with an average of 1447 head of cattle per day. As a result of this illegal grazing, the soil becomes solid, which is harmful to plants and vegetation that could potentially be survival disruption of the park, as well as deer, antelope, and bison (the unique wildlife of Baluran National Park). (5) Local transmigration settlements since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area of Wonorejo village. (6) Illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil. (7) Hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison, and sap that often occurs during the dry season. Various factors affect the behavior and movement patterns of animals, including a limited source of drinking water for animals, especially in the dry season. Based on the above phenomena, this paper focuses on the damaged forest in the Baluran National Park, caused by the poor level of public participation [4–6].

There are some previous studies which discuss public participation in the forestry management program. These include: (1) studies which explained the factors affecting public participation in forestry management, because of the role of forest institution connectedness by Baynes et al. [7], Muro and Namusonge [8] and Lise [9], (2) the quality of forest institutions as good governance will be able to create conditions of security, belief, trust, and economic welfare by Hans-Jurgen [10] and Akib et al. [11], (3) the effects of incentive participation program for social forestry management in increasing public participation by Adhikari et al. [12], Djamhuri [13], and Kaseya and Kihonge [14], (4) incentive participation program effects in relation to welfare Rahut et al. [15], William and Ayuk [16], Das and Sarker [17], (5) the social capital effect on public participation by Sara et al. [18] and Sharpe

The Effect of Forest Institution Connectedness, Incentive Participation Program, and Social… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84674

[19], (6) social capital effect on public welfare by Grootaet [20] and Narayan and Pritchett [21], (8) how welfare effect on public participation in development programs Rahut et al. [15] and Akamani and Hall [22].

The issue of differences in measurement of incentive participation program is a gap in this research. Adhikari et al. [12] measured incentive participation program with six indicators, they are: (1) access to forests and availability of forest products, (2) financial support to supplement household income, (3) social security and cohesion through local institution building, (4) investment in local community infrastructure and development, (5) well-defined & enforced property rights over forest resources assigned to the users, and (6) payment for environmental services. The research's purposes of Adhikari et al. [12] are: (1) to determine the relationships between different incentive participation program and the level of public participation of user group members; (2) to explore how households might respond to any changes in the incentive participation program, in terms of their decision to participate in common property resource governance; and (3) to propose/recommend how organizational incentive participation program can be better integrated in order to induce more effective public participation of users in the governance and management of property resources. The indicators of public participation were measured based on (1) membership length; (2) representation on the executive committee; (3) level of public participation in meetings, (4) in decision-making, and (5) in implementation; and (6) overall benefits.

While Djamhuri [13] measured incentive participation program with seven indicators, they are: (1) forest village population); (2) villages forests/WPH; (3) number of forest village community (LMDH) trustee board members; (4) percentage of Tumpang Sari Farmers on the LMDH trustee board; (5) tree coverage on foundation of the LMDH; (6) current tree coverage; (7) trustee board members attendance of routine meetings. The indicative numbers of LMDH trustee board members and percentage of Tumpang Sari Farmers on LMDH trustee board consist of: (1) formal education; (2) household annual income; (3) use of feed/fodder from state forest land; and (4) use of firewood from forest land. Djamhuri [13] said Tumpang Sari is an incentive participation program which is traditional in forest management. Government and society integration provides a better incentive participation program in the hope that the public will be will contribute in the state forest management.

Kaseya and Kihonge [14] measured incentive participation program with three indicators, they are: (1) civic education, (2) financial incentives both transport and lunch allowances, and (3) scheduling of forums/meetings. The study result was corroborated by the findings from the open interview which indicated that 62.5% of the respondents concurred that financial incentives are offered to participants. Measurements of incentive participation program in this research refers to [12], but its indicators are based on research object conditions.

The second gap of this research is the differences of social capital's measurements done by Grootaet [20] and Narayan and Pritchett [21]. Grootaet [20] measured social capital into six dimension of social capital, they are: (1) density of membership, (2) heterogeneity index, (3) meeting attendance, (4) decision making index, (5) membership dues, and (6) community orientation.

Narayan and Pritchett [21] measured social capital into six variables, they are: (1) heterogeneity members, (2) inclusiveness members, and (3) performances members. Social capital's indicators consist of: (1) membership, (2) characteristic of membership; (3) values and individual's behaviors.

Measurement of social capital in this study refers to Grootaet [20], who measures social capital as a factor in the reduction of poverty and increase in prosperity, but indicators of social capital of this research based on research object condition. Welfare provision would increase the role of public participation in development.

as a proportion of families' income is between 12.99% and 28.46%; and (2) based on the classification of public participation especially in four programs (participation in planning program, implementation, benefit-sharing, and evaluation and monitoring) that are low level at 47.1%, middle level at 33.5%, and high level at 19.4%.

A national park, as a forest conservation area, has a variety of flora and fauna which can be relied upon to ensure the human survival for now and future [1]. The majority of these parks have now faced threats and interferences such as encroachment, and illegal cultivation continues to increase over time [2]. Threats and disturbances in these areas are caused by various factors, namely (1) the institutions role in forest conservation management and local population participation level of the are still not optimum (especially in the case of those living around the forest); (2) the lack awareness about the conservation area is still very low among local people; (3) the education level of local people is low; and (4) there is a lack of

The forest destruction in Baluran National Park includes: (1) forest fires in 2014, with 132 fires covering an area of around 2005.90 ha. Rather than natural factors, the main causes of forest fires are local people not acting responsibly, a lack of security personnel guarding the forest, and weak law enforcement. Forest fires impact heavily on the flora and fauna. (2) Clearing activities as a result of 400 ha being devoted to agricultural plants business. (3) Timber theft (as well as theft of firewood, fruit tart, hazelnut, gebang trees, ornamental fish and over grassing) especially in the Labuhan Merak resort. (4) Cattle grazing is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the areas of Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with about 3450 ha. Cattle grazing (cows and goats) is widespread, with an average of 1447 head of cattle per day. As a result of this illegal grazing, the soil becomes solid, which is harmful to plants and vegetation that could potentially be survival disruption of the park, as well as deer, antelope, and bison (the unique wildlife of Baluran National Park). (5) Local transmigration settlements since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area of Wonorejo village. (6) Illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil. (7) Hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison, and sap that often occurs during the dry season. Various factors affect the behavior and movement patterns of animals, including a limited source of drinking water for animals, especially in the dry season. Based on the above phenomena, this paper focuses on the damaged forest in the Baluran National Park, caused by the

There are some previous studies which discuss public participation in the forestry management program. These include: (1) studies which explained the factors affecting public participation in forestry management, because of the role of forest institution connectedness by Baynes et al. [7], Muro and Namusonge [8] and Lise [9], (2) the quality of forest institutions as good governance will be able to create conditions of security, belief, trust, and economic welfare by Hans-Jurgen [10] and Akib et al. [11], (3) the effects of incentive participation program for social forestry management in increasing public participation by Adhikari et al. [12], Djamhuri [13], and Kaseya and Kihonge [14], (4) incentive participation program effects in relation to welfare Rahut et al. [15], William and Ayuk [16], Das and Sarker [17], (5) the social capital effect on public participation by Sara et al. [18] and Sharpe

Keywords: incentive participation program, social capital, welfare, public

participation, social forestry management

Protected Areas, National Parks and Sustainable Future

1. Introduction

agricultural land [1, 3].

poor level of public participation [4–6].

20

Increased public participation will reduce transaction costs and the cost of control, raise output and further improve the welfare of the community.

reliability; and (b) consistency internal reliability both composite reliability and

The Effect of Forest Institution Connectedness, Incentive Participation Program, and Social…

Convergent validity testing is performed to identify the items of instrument indicators as indicators from a latent variable (see Table 2). The convergent validity test result shown that all of the outer loading values are more than 0.6 (>0.6). At last, it can be seen that this research has met the requirements of the convergent

Sample size of the Forestry Community Training Center and The Staff of Baluran National Park (BNP).

Cronbach alpha [23].

validity [23, 25].

Table 1.

Table 2.

23

Convergent validity test.

3.2 Convergent validity

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84674

Rahut et al. [15] suggested increasing public participation in collaborative forest management (CFM) while adding welfare as a mediation variable which will affect social capital and also affect public participation.

The novelty of research are: (1) to examine the integrative model with purposes to insure weather forest institution connectedness, incentive participation program, social capital and public welfare still have positive significant effect on public participation; (2) to analyze the level of public participation based on participation in planning program, implementation, benefit-sharing; and evaluation and monitoring of the forest conservation management in Baluran National Park.

After all, the purposes of this study that were presented here will be to analyze and explain: (1) effect of the forest institutions' connectedness to public participation; (2) how welfare mediates forest institution connectedness to public participation; (3) the effect of incentive participation programs on public participation; (4) how welfare mediates the effects of incentive participation programs on public participation; (5) social capital's effect on public participation; (6) how welfare mediates social capital's effect on public participation; and (7) welfare's effect on public participation.

#### 2. Material and method

Data were collected during July–December 2017 through interview, research questionnaires, and documentation. Interview was conducted to determine the respondents' answers to a questionnaire relating to the variables that have been used in this study.

The sampling method is proportional random sampling. The unit analysis is the heads-of-household who are members of the forestry community training center (120 people) and the staff of Baluran National Park with 50 people. All of them are 170 respondents in total (see Table 1). The construct validity of reflective indicators were tested based on convergent validity, discriminant validity, composite reliability [23]. Variable with formative indicators were tested based on the values of full collinearity variances inflations factor.

The method of data analysis used in this study is structural equation modeling using WarpPLS 5.0. This research is based on working with numbers, and the data are tangible, analyzed using statistics to test hypotheses or answer specific research questions and to make predictions that a particular variable affects other variables [24].

To test mediation roles the causal-step approach of Baron and Kenny was used. The best way to test for mediation effects is by counting the Variance Accounted For (VAF) value, which can determine the indirect effect relative to the total effect [25].

According to Baron and Kenny [26] the causal step approach has four mediation effects, they are: (1) nonmediation, if VAF value < 20%; (2) partial mediation, if VAF value is around 20 ≤ 80%; (3) full mediation, if VAF value > 80%; and (4) suppressed mediation, if the direct effect sign changed after inclusion of the mediation variable.

### 3. Result and discussion

#### 3.1 Validity test

The validation of reflective indicators was done through: (1) convergent validity; (2) discriminant validity; and (3) reliability test consists of (a) indicator The Effect of Forest Institution Connectedness, Incentive Participation Program, and Social… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84674

reliability; and (b) consistency internal reliability both composite reliability and Cronbach alpha [23].
