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## Meet the editors

Dr. Erman Salih İstifli received his PhD from the Biology Department at Cukurova University, Insitute of Science and Letters. In his doctoral study, Dr. İstifli focused on the elucidation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of a commonly used anticancer agent (antifolate) on human lymphocytes. Dr. İstifli, during his period of doctoral research, joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in

Berlin, Germany, and he focused there on investigating the molecular cytogenetic causes of some human rare diseases. During these studies, he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R) responsible for intelligence and obesity. He was assigned as an expert and rapporteur on eight candidate projects in the Marie-Sklodowska Curie-Actions Innovative Training Networks in 2016. In 2017, he completed the online theoretical and practical course "Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life," run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the edX platform. In April 2019, within the framework of Erasmus+ staff mobility program, he gave seminars on "DNA microarrays and their use in genotoxicity" at Tirana University in Tirana, Albania. In 2019, he was awarded a three-year Membership Certificate for UKRI (UK Research and Innovation) International Development Peer Review College. He is a published author of several articles in journals indexed by the SCI and SCI-E, and has manuscripts in other refereed scientific journals. He currently serves as a referee for several journals covered by the SCI and SCI-E. His studies mainly fall into the field of genetic toxicology.

Prof. Dr. Hasan Basri İla received his PhD from the Biology Department at Çukurova University, Institute of Science and Letters. During his doctoral study, he investigated the effects of a commonly used antibiotic on chromosome aberration and micronucleus formation by in vivo tests. Dr. İla has several publications in internationally indexed (SCI, SCI-E) journals, and his articles have been cited 474 times. He has served as a researcher

and project leader for 18 national projects. He gives lectures on biology, cytology, genetics, evolution, organelle genetics and cancer genetics. He has numerous poster and/or oral scientific presentations in several international conferences. He is co-editor of *Lymphocytes* published by IntechOpen in 2019. In the same year, he obtained a national patent on natural colorants isolated from the brideweed plant (*Bougainvillea glabra*).

Contents

**Section 1**

Substitutes

Breast Cancer

**Preface III**

Cytotoxicity Research **1**

**Chapter 1 3** In Vitro Cytotoxicity Screening as a Criterion for the Rational Selection of Tear

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 29**

**Chapter 4 45**

**Chapter 5 69**

Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils of Some Species from Lamiaceae Family *by Cuauhtémoc Pérez-González, Julia Pérez-Ramos, Carlos Alberto Méndez-Cuesta,* 

Cytotoxic Effect and Mechanisms from Some Plant-Derived Compounds in

*Roberto Serrano-Vega, Miguel Martell-Mendoza and Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez*

*by Elvia Pérez-Soto, Cynthia Carolina Estanislao-Gómez, David Guillermo Pérez-Ishiwara, Crisalde Ramirez-Celis* 

Apoptotic Inhibitors as Therapeutic Targets for Cell Survival

*Sara Mohamed Naguib Abdelhafez Ali, Mohamed Ramadan Eisa Hassan* 

Study of the Cytotoxic Activity of Haarlem Oil on Different Cell Lines

*by Khairan Khairan, Torsten Burkholz, Mareike Kelkel, Vincent Jamier,* 

*by Olga I. Aleksandrova, Igor N. Okolov, Julia I. Khorolskaya, Natalia A. Mikhailova, Diana M. Darvish and Miralda I. Blinova*

and a Higher Organism, *Steinernema feltiae*

*Karl-Herbert Schäfer and Claus Jacob*

*and María del Consuelo Gómez-García*

*and Adel Mohammed Abdel-Hakem*

*by El-Shimaa Mohamed Naguib Abdelhafez,* 

## Contents



Preface

Cell death by endogenous and/or exogenous effects is called cytotoxicity and the effect that leads to cell death is called the cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxic effect may

The basic pathway in the reality of cytotoxicity is determined by the pattern by which the cell dies. Accordingly, the cell either attempts to die in a multi-step manner in the presence of a genetically controlled mechanism, which is called apoptosis (programmed cell death), or dies by a necrosis-like mechanism (without

genetic control) that suddenly occurs for unpredictable reasons leading to

Although not genetically controlled, some exogenous effects may also trigger apoptosis by reprogramming the genetic control of the cell-killing mechanism. There have been numerous examples of this phenomenon in practice, such as in

The most important thing to consider at this point is, in fact, why the cell attempts to die in a controlled behaviour. This cellular death process in the organism is governed by various intrinsic purposes. One of these is the programmed destruction of a group of cells to facilitate morphogenesis during ontogenesis. Another is the pronounced cytotoxicity that takes place if the cell or subcellular compartments

From this perspective, *regeneration* is the reproduction of some cells that are somehow eliminated to maintain homeostasis in the organism. The first example of the use of the term regeneration in biology is seen in the example of Prometheus in Greek Mythology, who was tied to the rocks by Zeus for giving fire to the people of Mount Olympus. In this case, regeneration is observed as the constant renewal of Promethus' liver, which was fed to the eagles in order to increase the penalty. In this myth, the regeneration of the liver suggests any cell regeneration in the

In any case, compensating for cytotoxicity in the multicellular organism by a certain level of cellular proliferation is the primary aim of homeostasis. In addition, the loss of cellular proliferation control (tumorigenesis) is at least as important as cytotoxicity, however, it is a contrasting trauma. With the disruption of the delicate balance between cytotoxicity and proliferation, confrontation with cancer can inevitably occur. As a result, a deep understanding of the molecular control of the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and cellular proliferation will be one of the most important perspectives in the struggle to stop cancer, the leading health problem of

be physical, chemical or biological.

conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

function insufficiently and/or are damaged.

inflammation.

organism.

this century.
