**5.2 Knee**

**5.1 Ankle**

**96**

**Table 6.** *Strength of grade.*

**Table 4.**

**Table 5.**

*GRADE quality of evidence grading.*

Conditional 2. "It is suggested. .."

Strong 1. "It is

**Strength Grade Benefits and risks**

recommended. .."

**Quality of evidence**

week period.

The following advice is suggested to correct contractures [40]:

of the target group

replaced every 5–7 days. Use the cast for a 2- to 12-week period.

• It is possible to use casts at the end of the range of motion for acute brain injury and stroke patients to improve the range of motion (2C). The cast should be

in likely service user values and preferences

**Sensory impairment Uncontrolled epilepsy** Unstable intracranial pressure Heterotrophic ossification

Vascular disorder Acute inflammation Fracture or severe soft tissue injury Medically unstable Behavioral/cognitive disorders Frequent spasms

High A Based on consistent results from well-performed randomized controlled

executed observational studies with strong effects Moderate B Based on randomized controlled trials where there are serious flaws in

Low C Based on observational evidence, or from controlled trials with several very

trials, or overwhelming evidence of an alternative source, for example, well-

conduct, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecise estimates, reporting bias, or some other combination of these limitations, or from other study designs

Benefits appear to outweigh the risks (or vice versa) for the majority

Risks and benefits are more closely balanced, or there is uncertainty

Poor skin condition Edema

*Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice*

Access to limb required for medical purposes

**Grading Characteristics**

with special strengths

serious limitations Very low D Based on case studies or expert opinion

*Precautions for the use of splints or orthoses.*

• In severely spastic patients, we can use casts with botulinum toxin injection (2B). The cast should be replaced every 5–7 days. Use the cast for a 2- to 12-

• Using adjustable ankle splints at the end of the range of motion improves the joint's range of motion (2C). Splints are used 6–23 hours a day for

Contracture improvement [40]:


Contracture prevention [40]:

