**5. Conclusions**

Some *Dioon edule* populations have declined substantially due to land-use change, primarily for sugar cane fields and cattle pastures, but the overall decline is relatively low. Populations genetic diversity suggests that at some time, they were connected by natural corridors. However, when combining the own high mortality of the species in the seedling and juvenile stages, the reduction and fragmentation of its habitat, and the decrease of pollinators, it favors endogamy and genetic drift, whose effects are more pronounced in small populations.
