1. Introduction

Montenegro is a small country placed in the Balkan Peninsula with one part overlooking the Adriatic Sea, right across the Italian region Puglia. A long tradition of grapevine growing in Montenegro is very well known and it dates back before the Roman period [1]. On the Montenegrin territory, a large number of tombstones with grapevine and wine motives which originated in ancient era were found. Found decorations were in the vine form and were directly related to the Dionysus god cult [2]. Numerous archeological sites and found objects that originated from the Illyrian period indicate that the wine was much appreciated and was quite used as the beverage. In the middle century, vine growing and winemaking were well developed in Montenegro and one of the oldest written documents that point out the importance of grapevine cultivation and importance of autochthonous varieties on the territory of today's Montenegro is the Medieval Budva's Statute from fifteenth century. After all, more organized work started during the reign of the King Nikola Petrović (1860–1918), who introduced the grape-growing and winemaking regulations. Within the grape varieties that have a long tradition of growing in Montenegro, the dominant place belongs to autochthonous grape varieties Vranac

**54**

*Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology*

[1] Lacombe T, Boursiquot JM, Laucou V, Di Vecchi-Staraz M, Péros JP, This P. Large-scale parentage analysis in an extended set of grapevine cultivars (*Vitis vinifera* L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2013;**126**(2):401-414 Stefanovits-Bányai É, et al. Isoenzyme

[9] Győrffyné Jahnke G, Nagy ZA, Májer J. Szülői haplotípusok rekonstruálása egyetlen szőlő magból. LIX Georgikon Napok (59th Georgikon Scientific Conference-Proceedings). 2017. Available from: www.napok.georgikon. hu/hu/cikkadatbazis/cikkek-2012/ doc\_download/411-gyorffynejahnke-gizella-nagy-zora-annamariamajer-janos-szuloi-haplotipusokrekonstrualasa-egyetlen-szolo-magbol

[10] Manen JF, Bouby L, Dalnoki O, Marinval P, Turgay M, Schlumbaum A. Microsatellites from archaeological *Vitis vinifera* seeds allow a tentative assignment of the geographical origin of ancient cultivars.

Journal of Archaeological Science.

[11] Dakin EE, Avise JC. Microsatellite null alleles in parentage analysis. Heredity. 2004;**93**:504-509

[12] Kwok S, Kellogg DE, Mckinney N, Spasic D, Goda L, Levenson C, et al. Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies. Nucleic Acids Research.

[13] Creative Commons Attribution Licece: Available from: https://

creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ deed.en, https://creativecommons.org/

2003;**30**(6):721-729

1990;**18**(4):999-1005

licenses/by/3.0/legalcode

and microsatellite analysis of *Vitis vinifera* L. varieties from the Hungarian grape germplasm. Scientia Horticulturae. 2009;**120**(2):213-221

[2] Double fertilization from Wikipedia,

[3] Nawaschin S. Resultate einer revision der befruchtungsvorgänge bei *Lilium martagon* und *Fritillaria tenella*. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de

[4] Guignard ML. Sur les anthérozoides et la double copulation sexuelle chez les végétaux angiospermes. Revue Générale

St.-Pétersbourg. 1898;**9**:377-382

de Botanique. 1899;**11**:129-135

2003;**4**:369-379

georgikon-napok.doc

[5] Walbot V, Evans MM. Unique features of the plant life cycle and their consequences. Nature Reviews Genetics.

[6] Kocsis L, Győrffyné Jahnke

G. Teleki szőlőalanyok eredete. (Origin of the Teleki's grape rootstocks) LII. Georgikon Napok (52th Georgikon Scientific Conference-Proceedings). 2010. Available from: http://napok.georgikon.hu/upload/ publications/2010-08-23\_17-26-18\_\_ teleki-szoloalanyainak-eredete-lii-

[7] Adam-Blondon AF, Roux C, Claux D, Butterlin G, Merdinoglu D, This P. Mapping 245 SSR markers on the *Vitis vinifera* genome: A tool for grape genetics. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2004;**109**(5):1017-1027

[8] Jahnke G, Májer J, Lakatos A, Györffyné Molnár J, Deák E,

the free encyclopedia. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Double\_Fertilization. jpg Description: Kiesselbach TA. The structure and reproduction of corn. Nebr. Agric. Exp. Stn Annu. Rep. 1949;**161**:1-96. (2019.01.15.)

**References**

and Kratošija that are used for making red wines, and for production of white wines, the Krstač was the dominant one [3, 4], while in a minor part, the other varieties were also presented. A major turning point in the development of Montenegrin viticulture was the realization of the project Ćemovsko polje since 1977–1982, during which 1500 ha of vineyards were planted and modern wine cellar with 2 million liters capacity was established. However, as autochthonous grape varieties were in that time the most important, they also now constitute the viticulture and winemaking sector of Montenegro. In fact, Vranac grape variety represents more than 70% of total production and promotes Montenegro as an important wine country. In order to better present the germplasm of grapevine varieties in Montenegro, beside literary research, ampelographic and genetic analysis of autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties was done in order of their secure identification.

3. Results and discussion

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

The first mention of Montenegrin grapevine varieties was in fifteenth century [14], and later they were studied and described by many authors. Early mentioning of autochthonous Montenegrin grapevine variety was done by M. Plamenac [3]. He stated that in Montenegrin grape growing region Crmnica, Kratošija, Vranac, Krsmač, Sjerovina, Lisica, and Muskacelica varieties were grown. But the first more significant description of varieties Vranac and Kratošija was given by P. Plamenac [15]. All authors from the former Yugoslavia [16–29] reported Vranac and Kratošija as Montenegrin autochthonous grapevine varieties. Moreover, they stated that Vranac and Kratošija were grown only in Montenegro. From Montenegro, these varieties were spread to Macedonia [20] and Dalmatia [17] and to other countries in the former Yugoslavia. The Macedonian professor Nastev [20] states that Vranac is a Montenegrin autochthonous grapevine variety mostly cultivated in the Skadar lake region (Crmnica), but also in the Montenegrin seacoast. This author declares that Vranac has been transferred in the 1950s in Macedonia (experimental field Butel), from where it has been spread out through the former Yugoslavia. Montenegrin academic Ulicevic [18, 19] states that Vranac is a characteristic variety of vine growing area Crmnica in famous vine growing region Skadar lake, which occupies about 40% of the assortment. According to the same author, this is the only vine growing area where this variety is dominant and the growing area was not wider than 30 km. The earliest reference of the Montenegrin variety Kratošija is reported in the Budva's Medieval Statute [14] in fifteenth century (1426–1431). In particular, it mentioned the "Kratošija's vineyards" indicating the importance of the Kratošija variety in that time in Budva (Montenegro). The Dalmatian ampelographer Bulić [17] described Kratošija (also considering the synonyms Gartošija, Grakošija, and Kratkošija) from nine municipalities of the Montenegrin cost (Budva, Grbalj, Luštica, Krtole, Kotor, Paštrovići, Prčanj, Tivat, and Herceg Novi). Moreover, the author stated that this variety was rarely found in the Dalmatia region where it was likely spread over from Montenegro. For the Kratošija variety, Ulicevic [18, 19] states that, it is strongly dominated in all plantations older than 60–70 years in that period and made 90% of the assortment in other regions. According to Ulicevic [18], the growing area of Kratošija was between 100 and 150 km through Monte-

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

negro and that is the main and probably the oldest Montenegrin variety.

types. Ulicevic [18] mentioned three types of Kratošija: Obična Kratošija, Slaborodna Kratošija, and Rehuljava Kratošija. Bozinovik et al. [30] stated that Kratošija has a high number of biotypes and described three of them (Kratošija standardna, Kratošija rehuljava, and Kratošija neoplodjena). The variability of the Kratošija population in Montenegro was also studied by Pejovic [24] and Maras [27]. Ampelographic analyses [27] were done on 17 biotypes of Kratošija, which are known under different names in viticultural areas in Montenegro: Velja Kratošija, Velji Vran, Crni Krstač, Vrančina, Bikača, Vran, Srednja Kratošija, Kratošija or Vran, Srednji Vranac, Velji Vranac, Vrančić, Ljutica, Kratošija, Čestozglavica,

Kratošija mala, Kratošija sa dubokim urezima, and Rehuljača.

57

In addition to very long Kratošija growing in Montenegro, there is also a huge heterogeneity of its population and it was described by many authors. M. Plamenac [3] for the first time mentioned biotypes of Kratošija and described some kind of Kratošija whose clusters are not compacted, but loose and it was called Reavica. Authors [16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 30, 27, 28] also described different Kratošija's bio-

3.1 Literature survey
