3.1 Literature survey

and Kratošija that are used for making red wines, and for production of white wines, the Krstač was the dominant one [3, 4], while in a minor part, the other varieties were also presented. A major turning point in the development of Monte-

1977–1982, during which 1500 ha of vineyards were planted and modern wine cellar with 2 million liters capacity was established. However, as autochthonous grape varieties were in that time the most important, they also now constitute the viticulture and winemaking sector of Montenegro. In fact, Vranac grape variety represents more than 70% of total production and promotes Montenegro as an important wine country. In order to better present the germplasm of grapevine varieties in Montenegro, beside literary research, ampelographic and genetic analysis of autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties was done in order of their secure

Multi-year research included work on autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties in Montenegro. A detailed review of available literature and writing of earlier and contemporary authors regarding autochthonous and domesticated

grapevine varieties was done. For a better understanding, we did also

085,151,202, 203, 204, 206, 220, 223, 225, 231, 235, 236, and 241).

ampelographic and genetic analysis of selected varieties. Analysis included 188 samples of old representative vines aged between 50 and 300 years that are grown in affirmed vineyards in Montenegro. These studies also included 17 biotypes of the Kratošija variety (Figure 2) that were collected in 1987 in an experimental field in

Ampelographic analysis, that is, a method of describing characteristics of grapevine varieties, was done with codes—a descriptor prescribed by O.I.V.

(Office International de la Vigne et du Vin)—International Wine and Wine Office [5]. Observations were made on young shoots (OIV-003 and -004), young leaves (OIV-051 and -053), mature leaves (OIV-067, 068, 070, 076, 079, 080, 084, and 087), flowers (OIV-151), shoots (OIV-155), bunches (OIV-202, 204, 206, and 208), berries (OIV-220, 223, 225, 235, and 236), and, when possible, on must quality (OIV-505, 506, and 508). Ampelographic description also was done for 17 Kratošija biotypes (with following OIV codes: 003, 004, 016, 065, 068, 076, 079, 084,

For genetic analysis, DNA was extracted from young leaves. In the first phase of research, genotyping was performed with 11 SSR loci for variety identification: VVS2 [6]; VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27 and VVMD28 [7, 8]; VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 [9]; ISV2, ISV3 and ISV4 [10]; and VMCNG4b9 [11], as described by

During the second phase of research, genotyping was done with nine microsat-

ellite loci: VVS2 [6]; VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, and VVMD32 [7]; and ssrZAG62 and ssrZAG79 [9] as proposed by the GrapeGen06

consortium and by the European Vitis Database [13].

negrin viticulture was the realization of the project Ćemovsko polje since

identification.

2. Materials and methods

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

Ljeskopolje-Podgorica.

2.2 Genetic analysis

Ref. [12].

56

2.1 Ampelographic description

The first mention of Montenegrin grapevine varieties was in fifteenth century [14], and later they were studied and described by many authors. Early mentioning of autochthonous Montenegrin grapevine variety was done by M. Plamenac [3]. He stated that in Montenegrin grape growing region Crmnica, Kratošija, Vranac, Krsmač, Sjerovina, Lisica, and Muskacelica varieties were grown. But the first more significant description of varieties Vranac and Kratošija was given by P. Plamenac [15]. All authors from the former Yugoslavia [16–29] reported Vranac and Kratošija as Montenegrin autochthonous grapevine varieties. Moreover, they stated that Vranac and Kratošija were grown only in Montenegro. From Montenegro, these varieties were spread to Macedonia [20] and Dalmatia [17] and to other countries in the former Yugoslavia. The Macedonian professor Nastev [20] states that Vranac is a Montenegrin autochthonous grapevine variety mostly cultivated in the Skadar lake region (Crmnica), but also in the Montenegrin seacoast. This author declares that Vranac has been transferred in the 1950s in Macedonia (experimental field Butel), from where it has been spread out through the former Yugoslavia. Montenegrin academic Ulicevic [18, 19] states that Vranac is a characteristic variety of vine growing area Crmnica in famous vine growing region Skadar lake, which occupies about 40% of the assortment. According to the same author, this is the only vine growing area where this variety is dominant and the growing area was not wider than 30 km.

The earliest reference of the Montenegrin variety Kratošija is reported in the Budva's Medieval Statute [14] in fifteenth century (1426–1431). In particular, it mentioned the "Kratošija's vineyards" indicating the importance of the Kratošija variety in that time in Budva (Montenegro). The Dalmatian ampelographer Bulić [17] described Kratošija (also considering the synonyms Gartošija, Grakošija, and Kratkošija) from nine municipalities of the Montenegrin cost (Budva, Grbalj, Luštica, Krtole, Kotor, Paštrovići, Prčanj, Tivat, and Herceg Novi). Moreover, the author stated that this variety was rarely found in the Dalmatia region where it was likely spread over from Montenegro. For the Kratošija variety, Ulicevic [18, 19] states that, it is strongly dominated in all plantations older than 60–70 years in that period and made 90% of the assortment in other regions. According to Ulicevic [18], the growing area of Kratošija was between 100 and 150 km through Montenegro and that is the main and probably the oldest Montenegrin variety.

In addition to very long Kratošija growing in Montenegro, there is also a huge heterogeneity of its population and it was described by many authors. M. Plamenac [3] for the first time mentioned biotypes of Kratošija and described some kind of Kratošija whose clusters are not compacted, but loose and it was called Reavica. Authors [16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 30, 27, 28] also described different Kratošija's biotypes. Ulicevic [18] mentioned three types of Kratošija: Obična Kratošija, Slaborodna Kratošija, and Rehuljava Kratošija. Bozinovik et al. [30] stated that Kratošija has a high number of biotypes and described three of them (Kratošija standardna, Kratošija rehuljava, and Kratošija neoplodjena). The variability of the Kratošija population in Montenegro was also studied by Pejovic [24] and Maras [27]. Ampelographic analyses [27] were done on 17 biotypes of Kratošija, which are known under different names in viticultural areas in Montenegro: Velja Kratošija, Velji Vran, Crni Krstač, Vrančina, Bikača, Vran, Srednja Kratošija, Kratošija or Vran, Srednji Vranac, Velji Vranac, Vrančić, Ljutica, Kratošija, Čestozglavica, Kratošija mala, Kratošija sa dubokim urezima, and Rehuljača.

Krstač was dominant among the white grapevine varieties used for white wine production. Its name comes from the look and shape of the bunch that resembles a cross [15, 31]. Ulicevic [18] wrote that Krstač was believed to be autochthonous of Montenegro and probably originated from Beri (near Podgorica) with a growing area of 40–50 km. The same author stated synonyms for Krstač, in Doljani it was called Krstača bijela, in Vražegrmci Bijeli Krstač and in Beri Bijela vinogradarska.

none of the contemporary people, neither then nor now, did not know when these

the variety Sjerovina is russet grapevine variety that has round berries.

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

Literature data about Muškaćelica were given by M. Plamenac [3], and he stated that it is the little grown white grapevine variety that has very strong smell while

The first mention of Lisica was in Grlica [3], where the author reported that this variety is grown in Crmnica. About Lisičina, Stojanović [16] reports the use of this cultivar for white wine production in Montenegro. Bulić [17] and Ulićević [18] wrote that Lisičina (synonyms are Lisica, Ružica, Sjemerava, and Sjeruša) was grown in Montenegro around Bar, Ulcinj, Podgorica, and Virpazar (Crmnica). Zadrimka was a major variety grown in the Ulcinj viticultural region in the late 1800s until phylloxera, and later World War II devastated the vineyards and almost

According to Ulićević [18], large areas under vineyards were in Bokokotorski

Ulićević [18] states that the Razaklija cultivar from both the Skadar Lake and the

Ampelographic descriptors for certain varieties (Figure 1) already existed and through these researches data with some descriptions of additional varieties were fulfilled. Ampelographic descriptions of researched varieties, except Trojka, are

Ampelographic descriptions are available for all Kratošija accessions listed in Table 2 and grown at the Experimental Estate in Podgorica-Lješkopolje [27]. The name of each Kratošija biotype is in connection with some of its particular characteristics. Cluster weight was highly variable among accessions and correlated with

The varietal identification was achieved by comparing the obtained SSR profiles with available molecular databases and literature data. The work on the genetic identification of Montenegrin autochthonous varieties began in collaboration with Istituto sperimentale per la viticoltura-Susegana-Conegliano-TV. The analysis confirmed that Vranac, Krstač, and Žižak have an original DNA profile. Kratošija, an old Montenegrin grape variety, has an identical genetic profile as the Zinfandel from California, Primitivo from Italy, and Crljenak kaštelanski from Croatia [32]. The same authors also suggest a probable first degree relationship between Vranac and Kratošija. Research on Montenegrin grapevine diversity continued and further analysis of 70 samples revealed 14 different genotypes. The results showed already identified genotypes: Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, and Žižak and 10 new identified genotypes [33]. In Table 3, SSR markers of identified varieties are presented. Also, all 17 biotypes of Kratošija were confirmed to have the same genetic profile as Zinfandel/Primitivo [33]. According to Maras et al. [33] the variety Muškaćela is identical to a variety Muscat bianco–Muscat a petits grains. Trojka accession has the same profile as Muscat rouge de Madere (alias Moscato violetto), another important member of the Muscat family. Based on analysis, it can be concluded that Plavina is

morphology and these traits showed to be stable within each biotype [27].

subregion. Kadarun was dominated, while Kratošija and Vranac were less

seacoast region constituted 95% of total table grape production in Montenegro. Many authors from Yugoslavia consider that Razaklija originates from Asia Minor [19]. It is not known how and when it arrived in Montenegro, Macedonia, and other

vineyards were planted.

represented.

given in Table 1.

59

3.3 Genetic identification

drove the cultivar to extinction [19].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

countries and how it was spread.

3.2 Ampelographic descriptions

Beside the most important grapevine varieties for viticulture in Montenegro Vranac, Kratošija, and Krstač there are also some literature data about minor grapevine varieties.

Žižak or Žižak bijeli [17] is considered another autochthonous variety of Montenegro and its origin is unknown. Individual vines can be found nearby Podgorica, but it is mostly grown on the Montenegrin seacoast (Boko-Kotorski sub region). Ulićević [18] also described Žižak as an important variety from which, in some places in Boka, are produced dessert wines called Prošek.

Ulicevic [18] states that Čubrica is used for red wine production and is represented in very small percentage in the vineyards of the Podgorica sub region (Doljani and Kuči). According to the author, vineyards in Doljani are quite old and

Figure 1. Bunches of researched grapevine varieties.

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

none of the contemporary people, neither then nor now, did not know when these vineyards were planted.

Literature data about Muškaćelica were given by M. Plamenac [3], and he stated that it is the little grown white grapevine variety that has very strong smell while the variety Sjerovina is russet grapevine variety that has round berries.

The first mention of Lisica was in Grlica [3], where the author reported that this variety is grown in Crmnica. About Lisičina, Stojanović [16] reports the use of this cultivar for white wine production in Montenegro. Bulić [17] and Ulićević [18] wrote that Lisičina (synonyms are Lisica, Ružica, Sjemerava, and Sjeruša) was grown in Montenegro around Bar, Ulcinj, Podgorica, and Virpazar (Crmnica).

Zadrimka was a major variety grown in the Ulcinj viticultural region in the late 1800s until phylloxera, and later World War II devastated the vineyards and almost drove the cultivar to extinction [19].

According to Ulićević [18], large areas under vineyards were in Bokokotorski subregion. Kadarun was dominated, while Kratošija and Vranac were less represented.

Ulićević [18] states that the Razaklija cultivar from both the Skadar Lake and the seacoast region constituted 95% of total table grape production in Montenegro. Many authors from Yugoslavia consider that Razaklija originates from Asia Minor [19]. It is not known how and when it arrived in Montenegro, Macedonia, and other countries and how it was spread.

#### 3.2 Ampelographic descriptions

Krstač was dominant among the white grapevine varieties used for white wine production. Its name comes from the look and shape of the bunch that resembles a cross [15, 31]. Ulicevic [18] wrote that Krstač was believed to be autochthonous of Montenegro and probably originated from Beri (near Podgorica) with a growing area of 40–50 km. The same author stated synonyms for Krstač, in Doljani it was called Krstača bijela, in Vražegrmci Bijeli Krstač and in Beri Bijela vinogradarska. Beside the most important grapevine varieties for viticulture in Montenegro Vranac, Kratošija, and Krstač there are also some literature data about minor

Žižak or Žižak bijeli [17] is considered another autochthonous variety of Montenegro and its origin is unknown. Individual vines can be found nearby Podgorica, but it is mostly grown on the Montenegrin seacoast (Boko-Kotorski sub region). Ulićević [18] also described Žižak as an important variety from which, in some

Ulicevic [18] states that Čubrica is used for red wine production and is represented in very small percentage in the vineyards of the Podgorica sub region (Doljani and Kuči). According to the author, vineyards in Doljani are quite old and

places in Boka, are produced dessert wines called Prošek.

grapevine varieties.

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

Figure 1.

58

Bunches of researched grapevine varieties.

Ampelographic descriptors for certain varieties (Figure 1) already existed and through these researches data with some descriptions of additional varieties were fulfilled. Ampelographic descriptions of researched varieties, except Trojka, are given in Table 1.

Ampelographic descriptions are available for all Kratošija accessions listed in Table 2 and grown at the Experimental Estate in Podgorica-Lješkopolje [27]. The name of each Kratošija biotype is in connection with some of its particular characteristics. Cluster weight was highly variable among accessions and correlated with morphology and these traits showed to be stable within each biotype [27].

#### 3.3 Genetic identification

The varietal identification was achieved by comparing the obtained SSR profiles with available molecular databases and literature data. The work on the genetic identification of Montenegrin autochthonous varieties began in collaboration with Istituto sperimentale per la viticoltura-Susegana-Conegliano-TV. The analysis confirmed that Vranac, Krstač, and Žižak have an original DNA profile. Kratošija, an old Montenegrin grape variety, has an identical genetic profile as the Zinfandel from California, Primitivo from Italy, and Crljenak kaštelanski from Croatia [32]. The same authors also suggest a probable first degree relationship between Vranac and Kratošija. Research on Montenegrin grapevine diversity continued and further analysis of 70 samples revealed 14 different genotypes. The results showed already identified genotypes: Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, and Žižak and 10 new identified genotypes [33]. In Table 3, SSR markers of identified varieties are presented. Also, all 17 biotypes of Kratošija were confirmed to have the same genetic profile as Zinfandel/Primitivo [33]. According to Maras et al. [33] the variety Muškaćela is identical to a variety Muscat bianco–Muscat a petits grains. Trojka accession has the same profile as Muscat rouge de Madere (alias Moscato violetto), another important member of the Muscat family. Based on analysis, it can be concluded that Plavina is


Young shoot: intensity of anthocyanin

OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV

3

Bioka Crna loza

Razaklija

Kadarun

Plavina Razaklija crna

Table 1. Ampelographic

 description

 of research grapevine varieties using 26 OIV codes [5].

 5

 7 3

 7

 4 4

 1

 2

 7

 1

 9

 3

3

 5 3

 7

 3 2

 3

 2

 5

 1

 1

 7

 5

 5 3

 7

 3 3

 1

 2

 5

 1

 9

 7

 3

 7 3

 9

 4 4

 2

 2

 6

 1

 5

 3

 3

1771195391933

 3

 7 3

 5

 3 3

 2

 2

 7

 1

 5

 7

1

 1 1

 5

 4 3

 3

 2

 5

 3

 5

 1

Young shoot: density of prostrate hairs on the shoot tip

Young leaf: color of upper side of blade (fourth leaf)

Young leaf: density of prostrate hairs between main

Mature leaf: shape of blade

Mature leaf: number of lobes

Mature leaf: area of anthocyanin coloration

Mature leaf: shape of teeth

Mature leaf: degree of opening/

Mature leaf: shape of base of petiole sinus

Mature leaf: density of prostrate hairs between

Mature leaf: density of erect hairs on

Flower: sexual organs

Shoot: fertility of basal buds

Bunch: length (peduncle excluded)

Bunch: density

Bunch: length of peduncle of primary bunch

Bunch: shape

Berry: length

Berry: shape

Berry: color of skin

Berry: firmness of flesh

Berry: particular flavor

Sugar content of must (Oe)

Total acidity of must

Must -specific pH

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

main veins on lower side of blade

main veins on lower side of blade

overlapping of petiole sinus

of main veins on the upper side of blade

veins on lower side of blade (fourth leaf)

coloration on prostrate hairs of the shoot tip

61


Table 1. Ampelographic

 description

 of research grapevine varieties using 26 OIV codes [5].

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

Young shoot: intensity of anthocyanin

OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV

3

Japudžak

Čubrica Kovačka bijela

Kratošija

Krstač Lisičina

Sijer Vranac Zadrimka

Žižak

Muškaćela

 3

 7 3

 9

 2 3

 2

 2

 4

 1

 1

 1

 3

 9 3

 9

 2 2

 4

 2

 5

 1

 5

 3

 7

 7 3

 9

 2 2

 1

 2

 3

 1

 5

 7

 3

5751253621737

3

 5 3

 5

 2 3

 1

 2

 7

 1

 5

 3

 3

1

 1 3

 7

 2 2

 1

 2

 1

 3

 3

 1

5

 9 3

 9

 4 3

 1

 2

 3

 1

 7

 3

3

 53

 5

 22

 1

 2

 9

 1

 5

 1

35991153121733

 3

 7 3

 7

 3 3

 2

 2

 7

 1

 5

 7

 1

 1 2

 9

 4 3

 1

 2

 3

 3

 5

 7

3

 7 1

 5

 2 3

 1

 2

 5

 1

 5

 7

 5

 7 3

 9

 2 2

 4

 2

 5

 1

 5

 3

Young shoot: density of prostrate hairs on the shoot tip

Young leaf: color of upper side of blade (fourth leaf)

Young leaf: density of prostrate hairs between main

Mature leaf: shape of blade

Mature leaf: number of lobes

Mature leaf: area of anthocyanin coloration

Mature leaf: shape of teeth

Mature leaf: degree of opening/

Mature leaf: shape of base of petiole sinus

Mature leaf: density of prostrate hairs between

Mature leaf: density of erect hairs on

Flower: sexual organs

Shoot: fertility of basal buds

Bunch: length (peduncle excluded)

Bunch: density

Bunch: length of peduncle of primary bunch

Bunch: shape

Berry: length

Berry: shape

Berry: color of skin

Berry: firmness of flesh

Berry: particular flavor

Sugar content of must (Oe)

Total acidity of must

Must -specific pH

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

main veins on lower side of blade

main veins on lower side of blade

overlapping of petiole sinus

of main veins on the upper side of blade

veins on lower side of blade (fourth leaf)

coloration on prostrate hairs of the shoot tip

60

#### Figure 2. Bunches of Kratošija variety biotypes.

a progeny of Kratošija. Bioka shares the same genotype as the Italian Francavidda and Croatian Zlatarica Vrgorska. Comparing data with the European Vitis database in the Vitis International Variety Catalog [34] Kadarun is Reported as a Turkish cultivar. The red berry Razaklija accession that was analyzed matches the SSR profile of Crven Drenok [35]. Crna Loza, Čubrica, Lisičina, and Razaklija crna show unique SSR profiles. Crna Loza was considered as a Kratošija synonym, but analysis shows a different SSR profile for this variety. Based on SSR allele sharing at all analyzed loci, Razaklija crna could really be a progeny of Drenak Crven [33]. Bearing in mind the importance of grapevine germplasm in Montenegro, the research was continued through two international projects SEEDNet and SEE.ERA NET. As result of SEEDNET project, from 16 considered samples, 6 different genotypes were identified [36]. The identified varieties are Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, Čubrica, Lisičina, and Razaklija. The variety Razaklija has the identical SSR profile

Young shoot: intensity of

Young shoot: density of prostrate hairs on the

shoot tip

Shoot: attitude (before tying)

Mature leaf: size of blade

Mature leaf: number of lobes

Mature leaf: shape of teeth

Mature leaf: degree of opening/

petiole sinus

Mature leaf: density of prostrate hairs on main

Mature leaf: density of erect hairs on main veins

Flower: sexual organs

Bunch: length (peduncle excluded)

Bunch: width

Bunch: density

Bunch: length of peduncle of primary bunch

Berry: length

Berry: shape

Berry: color of skin

Berry: intensity of flash

Berry: firmness of flesh

Berry: particular flavor

Berry: formation of seeds

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

veins on the lower side of blade

on the lower side of blade

on prostrate hairs of the shoot tip

OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

1532

 7

 5

 7

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 6

 5

 7

 3

 7

 5

 7

 1

 5

 3 373115363313

375715363313

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 7

 5

 9

 3

 7

 5

 7

 1

 5

 3 355715363313

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 7

 5

 7

 3

 5

 5

 9

 1

 5

 3

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 6

 5

 7

 3

 7

 5

 7

 1

 5

 3 375715363313

375715363313

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 7

 5

 7

 3

 5

 5

 7

 1

 5

 3

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

Bikača Crni krstač

Kratošija Kratošija ili Vran

Kratošija mala

Kratošija sa dubokim urezom

Kratošija srednja

Ljutica Rehuljača Srednji Vranac

 4

 79

 86

anthocyanin

 coloration

63

overlapping

anthocyanin

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

 coloration

 of


#### Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

a progeny of Kratošija. Bioka shares the same genotype as the Italian Francavidda and Croatian Zlatarica Vrgorska. Comparing data with the European Vitis database in the Vitis International Variety Catalog [34] Kadarun is Reported as a Turkish cultivar. The red berry Razaklija accession that was analyzed matches the SSR profile of Crven Drenok [35]. Crna Loza, Čubrica, Lisičina, and Razaklija crna show unique SSR profiles. Crna Loza was considered as a Kratošija synonym, but analysis shows a different SSR profile for this variety. Based on SSR allele sharing at all analyzed loci, Razaklija crna could really be a progeny of Drenak Crven [33]. Bearing in mind the importance of grapevine germplasm in Montenegro, the research was continued through two international projects SEEDNet and SEE.ERA NET. As result of SEEDNET project, from 16 considered samples, 6 different genotypes were identified [36]. The identified varieties are Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, Čubrica, Lisičina, and Razaklija. The variety Razaklija has the identical SSR profile

Figure 2.

62

Bunches of Kratošija variety biotypes.

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology


Variety

65

Vranac Kratošija

Krstač

Žižak Trojka Čubrica Muškaćela

Razaklija

Kadarun

Lisičina

Bioka Crna loza

Plavina

Table 3. SSR profiles or researched

 grapevine varieties in Montenegro.

 VVS2

 VVMD5

 VVMD7

 VVMD27

 VrZAG62

 VrZAG79

 VVMD28

 ISV2 (VNC671)

 151

 141

 145

 141

 141

 141

 141

 141

 165

 141

 137

 141

 143

 141

 165

 139

 145

 177

 187

 158

 176

 165

 139

 139

 177

 177

 150

 152

 141

 133

 139

 177

 177

 150

 164

 165

 133

 139

 169

 187

 166

 176

 143

 133

 139

 177

 197

 158

 172

 165

 139

 139

 177

 193

 150

 150

 143

 133

 145

 177

 193

 150

 176

 143

 133

 139

 163

 187

 158

 166

 141

 133

 139

 177

 193

 164

 172

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

 161

 133

 133

 169

 177

 158

 158

 159

 136

 139

 183

 187

 150

 152

 151

 133

 139

 169

 177

 158

 166

 165

 139

 139

 177

 177

 150

 164

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

 165

 133

 139

 177

 177

 164

 172

 ISV3 (VMC6F1)

 ISV4 (VMC6G1)

 VMC NG4B9

Table 2.


Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676

> Table 3.

 SSR profiles or researched grapevine varieties in Montenegro.

Young shoot: intensity of

Young shoot: density of prostrate hairs on the

shoot tip

Shoot: attitude (before tying)

Mature leaf: size of blade

Mature leaf: number of lobes

Mature leaf: shape of teeth

Mature leaf: degree of opening/

petiole sinus

Mature leaf: density of prostrate hairs on main

Mature leaf: density of erect hairs on main veins

Flower: sexual organs

Bunch: length (peduncle excluded)

Bunch: width

Bunch: density

Bunch: length of peduncle of primary bunch

Berry: length

Berry: shape

Berry: color of skin

Berry: intensity of flash

Berry: firmness of flesh

Berry: particular flavor

Berry: formation of seeds

veins on the lower side of blade

on the lower side of blade

on prostrate hairs of the shoot tip

OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV OIV

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

 1

 7 3-4

 2

 7

 5

 7

 3

 7

 5

 9

 1

 5

 3 355715363313

 6

 3

 3

 1

 3

 7

1732

 6

 5

 7

 7

1732

 7

 5

 9

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

 7

1732

 7

 5

 7

375715363313

375715363313

375915363313

375715363313

375715363313

Velji Vranac

Vranac

Vran Vrančić Vrančina Velja Kratošija

Čestozglavica

Table 2. Ampelographic

 descriptions

 of Kratošija accessions [27].

 4

 79

 86

anthocyanin

 coloration

64

overlapping

anthocyanin

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

 coloration

 of to Drenok crveni from Macedonia.Within SEE.ERaNet project on various viticulture areas, from different vine growing regions, 96 samples of vines were selected and marked for identification. From these samples, 15 different genotypes were revealed some already known (Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, Žižak, Čubrica, and Lisičina) and some with original SSR profile (Kovačka bijela, Sijer, and Zadrimka). Out of the six remaining samples, three accessions were found to be misnomers, one coincides with a previously identified variety in another country, and two accessions showed the original SSR profile which did not match any of the known varieties [37]. Accession of Japudžak from Montenegro is identical to the Turkish variety Yapıncak [38]. As a result of this project, in 2012, Montenegro presented and included its autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties in the EU Vitis database (Vranac, Kratošija, Čubrica, Krstač, Žižak, Japudžak, Sijer, Lisičina, Zadrimka, and Kovačka bijela). To preserve grapevine germplasm, the National collection of identified varieties was planted in Ćemovsko polje.

the Joint Call Secretariat (JCS) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) within SEERA NET 91/01 project: "Preservation and establishment of true-to-type and virus free material of endangered grapevine cultivars in Croatia and Montenegro".

I declare I have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or nonfinancial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this

The author gratefully acknowledges all partners for the participation and

Ampelographic and Genetic Characterization of Montenegrin Grapevine Varieties

collaboration.

manuscript.

Author details

Plantaže, Podgorica, Montenegro

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: vesnam@t-com.me

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Vesna Maraš

67

Conflict of interest

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85676
