**3. What is low-alcohol wine?**

Wines with reduced alcohol content are generally classified as specified in **Figure 1**. It should be noted that this classification is not explicit and varies between countries and the applicable legislations [39, 40]. For example, Standard 2.7.1 of the Australian New Zealand Food Standards Code states that an *Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology*

**Figure 1.**

*Classification of wines with reduced alcohol content [39, 40].*

alcoholic beverage which contains more than 1.15% alcohol by volume must not be represented as a low alcohol beverage, while as of December 2018, the United Kingdom's Department of Health and Social Care in its Low Alcohol Descriptors Guidance states that low alcohol drinks are those of 1.2% alcohol by volume or less [41]. Legislation around the taxation of wine products varies between countries as well. Whereas some countries apply a fixed duty fee, in other countries such as the UK, the amount of duty payable depends on the strength of the wine [42]. This can make low-alcohol wine products particularly attractive in the marketplace, as they would have an important financial benefit as compared to standard strength products.
