Conflict of interest

to Drenok crveni from Macedonia.Within SEE.ERaNet project on various viticulture areas, from different vine growing regions, 96 samples of vines were selected and marked for identification. From these samples, 15 different genotypes were revealed some already known (Vranac, Kratošija, Krstač, Žižak, Čubrica, and Lisičina) and some with original SSR profile (Kovačka bijela, Sijer, and Zadrimka). Out of the six remaining samples, three accessions were found to be misnomers, one coincides with a previously identified variety in another country, and two accessions showed the original SSR profile which did not match any of the known varieties [37]. Accession of Japudžak from Montenegro is identical to the Turkish variety Yapıncak [38]. As a result of this project, in 2012, Montenegro presented and included its autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties in the EU Vitis database (Vranac, Kratošija, Čubrica, Krstač, Žižak, Japudžak, Sijer, Lisičina, Zadrimka, and Kovačka bijela). To preserve grapevine germplasm, the National

According to available literature and obtained results of ampelographic and genetic identification, Montenegro has a very long tradition of grapevine growing and very rich grapevine germplasm. There are varieties whose identification was

Ampelographic description of 18 identified varieties as well as of 17 Kratošija biotypes was done and presented. During multiple years of research, genetic identification of 188 samples was carried out and the results revealed the original DNA profile for Vranac, Krstač, Žižak, Crna Loza, Čubrica, Lisičina, Razaklija crna, Kovačka bijela, Zadrimka, and Sijer. Kratošija, and every of its 17 biotypes, have the same DNA profile as Italian Primitivo, Californian Zinfandel and Croatian Crljenak Kaštelanski. Muškaćela is Moscato bianco while Trojka is Moscato violeto. Montenegrin Bioka is the same as Italian Francavidda and Croatian Zlatarica Vrgorska. The variety Razaklija is the same as Drenak crveni. For Japudžak the same SSR

Research and work on autochthonous and domesticated grapevine varieties in Montenegro are of great importance for the viticulture and winemaking sector. Having in mind this and very interesting results achieved, it was necessary to continue with investigation of Montenegrin grapevine germplasm. Further research with partners from the Institute for Vine and Wine in La Rioja will be done with the aim of analyzing a large number of samples across Montenegro, and then deter-

This research was supported by the following projects: "Variability of Kratošija cultivar in Montenegrin viticultural regions" and "Clonal selection of Kratošija cultivar" funded by the Ministry of Science of Montenegro; "Identification and characterization of Montenegrin autochthonous grapevine cultivars" and "Clonal selection of autochthonous grapevine cultivars" funded by the company 13 jul Plantaze and the Ministry of Agriculture of Montenegro. Part of this work was financially supported by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) within SEEDNET project: "Identification, characterization and conservation of old and autochthonous vine varieties in Eastern European countries" and by the respective national funding bodies and the European Commission represented by

done, but there are a lot of varieties with unknown origin and identity.

profile as for Turkish Yampincak is discovered.

mining its origin and genetic relationships (pedigree analysis).

collection of identified varieties was planted in Ćemovsko polje.

4. Conclusions

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

Acknowledgements

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I declare I have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or nonfinancial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
