Preface

The mangrove ecosystem provides several ecosystem services such as timber, charcoal, wave attenuation, nursery and spawning area for fishes, food, tourism, and climate change mitigation. Although they provide these important ecosystem services, we have lost a significant number of mangroves over time. Mangrove degradation and deforestation are caused by both natural disasters (tsunami, cyclones, storms, disease, and erosion) and anthropogenic activities (illegal logging, aquaculture pond, agriculture, urban development and other exploitation). Climate change is happening, therefore we need to protect the remaining mangroves and restore them to enhance the ecosystem services they provide to achieve sustainable development goals. Recently, mangroves have been recognized as one of the nature-based solutions for coastal communities. We are now almost at the tipping point where we can restore mangroves ecologically to mitigate climate change and other important ecosystem services under the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This book is comprised of three sections containing eight chapters that focus on mangrove ecosystem restoration, the ecosystem services they provide, and how to manage and conserve mangroves.

The first section on restoration and natural regeneration includes three chapters. Chapter 1 examines the possibility of utilizing natural means of forest recovery through seedling recruitment and regeneration of mangroves. Chapter 2 presents a guide to rapid evaluation of mangrove degradation where later mangrove restoration can be done. Chapter 3 explains how mangroves regenerate naturally after natural disasters such as tsunamis.

The second section on ecosystem services includes three chapters that discuss how planted mangroves provide different ecosystem services. Chapter 4 discusses the perspective of pollutant deposition in mangrove wetlands, physiological ecology of mangrove species on the impact of heavy metal pollution, and seeking ecosystem restoration in terms of environmental education. Chapter 5 discusses mangrove-based natural dye for batik fabric from *Rhizopora mucronata* waste as a promising product to increase people's income. Chapter 6 talks about the use of advanced molecular biology in biotechnologies as a promising path to faster, more economically viable and ecologically correct mangrove restoration.

The third and final section includes two chapters related to the conservation and management of restored mangroves. Chapter 7 documents the various strategies and approaches used in mangrove restoration in the world generally, and then specifically in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania. The chapter also presents related policies to protect mangroves. Chapter 8 explains how conservation management of restored mangroves can be done through evaluating ecosystem services such as tourism in Indonesia.

**II**

**Chapter 6 109**

Conservation and Management **129**

**Chapter 7 131**

**Chapter 8 153**

Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration after Oil Spill: Bioremediation,

Stieglers Gorge Dam Construction: Potential Impacts and Possible Mangrove Restoration Options in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania

Conservation Management of Planted Mangroves through Evaluating

Ecosystem Services in Baros Village Bantul Regency, Indonesia

*by Ícaro Thiago Andrade Moreira, Célia Karina Maia Cardoso, Evelin Daiane Serafim Santos Franco, Isadora Machado Marques, Gisele Mara Hadlich, Antônio Fernando de Souza Queiroz,* 

Phytoremediation, Biofibers and Phycoremediation

*Ana Katerine de Carvalho Lima Lobato and Olívia Maria Cordeiro de Oliveira*

*by Claude Gasper Mung'ong'o*

**Section 3**

*by Djumanto*

We hope this book helps in the restoration, conservation and management of mangroves to enhance the ecosystem services they provide and help in mitigating climate change.

> **Sahadev Sharma** Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

> > **1**

Section 1

Restoration and Natural

Regeneration

Section 1
