Meet the editor

Dr. Sahadev Sharma obtained a DSc in Plant Ecology and Physiology in 2012. He is a mangrove ecologist and physiologist with research interests in mangrove forest ecology, physiology, and blue carbon dynamics from local site to the landscape level, using a wide spectrum of methods and technologies such as remote sensing and field-based monitoring and sampling, and integrating ecological, chemical and hydrological data. He is currently

focusing on the Asia Pacific region mangrove ecosystem. He is a senior lecturer at the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia. Formerly he was a research faculty at the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He is currently involved in many national and international research projects for the Universiti Malaya. He is the author of more than sixty papers in international peer-reviewed journals and books, and a referee for about ten journals.

Contents

**Section 1**

in the Niger Delta, Nigeria *by Aroloye O. Numbere*

*and Faiyaz A. Khudsar*

Rehabilitation in China

*and Takayoshi Koike*

for Batik Textiles

*and Ali Djunaedi*

**Section 2**

**Preface XI**

Restoration and Natural Regeneration **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 25**

**Chapter 3 39**

Ecosystem Services **63**

**Chapter 4 65**

**Chapter 5 93**

Mangrove Restoration under Different Disturbances Regime

A Visual Assessment Scale for Rapid Evaluation of Mangrove Degradation, Using Examples from Myanmar and Madagascar *by Christoph Zöckler, Dominic Wodehouse and Matthias Markolf*

Created Wetlands of South Andaman, India

*by V. Shiva Shankar, Neelam Purti, Ravi Pratap Singh* 

Secondary Ecological Succession of Mangrove in the 2004 Tsunami

Environmental and Education Trials for Mangrove Ecosystem

*by Ruili Li, Minwei Chai, Xiaoxue Shen, Cong Shi, Guoyu Qiu* 

*by Delianis Pringgenies, Ali Ridlo, Lutfianna Fatma Dewi* 

The Commercial Value of Mangrove-Based Pigments as Natural Dye

## Contents



Preface

The mangrove ecosystem provides several ecosystem services such as timber, charcoal, wave attenuation, nursery and spawning area for fishes, food, tourism, and climate change mitigation. Although they provide these important ecosystem services, we have lost a significant number of mangroves over time. Mangrove degradation and deforestation are caused by both natural disasters (tsunami, cyclones, storms, disease, and erosion) and anthropogenic activities (illegal logging, aquaculture pond, agriculture, urban development and other exploitation). Climate change is happening, therefore we need to protect the remaining mangroves and restore them to enhance the ecosystem services they provide to achieve sustainable development goals. Recently, mangroves have been recognized as one of the nature-based solutions for coastal communities. We are now almost at the tipping point where we can restore mangroves ecologically to mitigate climate change and other important ecosystem services under the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This book is comprised of three sections containing eight chapters that focus on mangrove ecosystem restoration, the ecosystem services they provide, and how to

The first section on restoration and natural regeneration includes three chapters. Chapter 1 examines the possibility of utilizing natural means of forest recovery through seedling recruitment and regeneration of mangroves. Chapter 2 presents a guide to rapid evaluation of mangrove degradation where later mangrove restoration can be done. Chapter 3 explains how mangroves regenerate naturally after natural

The second section on ecosystem services includes three chapters that discuss how planted mangroves provide different ecosystem services. Chapter 4 discusses the perspective of pollutant deposition in mangrove wetlands, physiological ecology of mangrove species on the impact of heavy metal pollution, and seeking ecosystem restoration in terms of environmental education. Chapter 5 discusses mangrove-based natural dye for batik fabric from *Rhizopora mucronata* waste as a promising product to increase people's income. Chapter 6 talks about the use of advanced molecular biology in biotechnologies as a promising path to faster, more

The third and final section includes two chapters related to the conservation and management of restored mangroves. Chapter 7 documents the various strategies and approaches used in mangrove restoration in the world generally, and then specifically in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania. The chapter also presents related policies to protect mangroves. Chapter 8 explains how conservation management of restored mangroves can be done through evaluating ecosystem services such as tourism in

economically viable and ecologically correct mangrove restoration.

manage and conserve mangroves.

disasters such as tsunamis.

Indonesia.
