**8. Acknowledgments**

Financial support was provided by grant IN 214011-3 from the Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Innovación Tecnológica, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México to J. Morales-Montor. R. Hernández-Bello has a Posdoctoral fellowship from RED-Farmed, from CONACyT.

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**Part 4** 

**Therapy** 


**Part 4** 

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**Therapy** 

**14** 

*Korea* 

**Adipose Tissue Metabolism and** 

Kyong Wook Yi1 and Seung Yup Ku2 *1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,* 

*College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,* 

**Effect of Postmenopausal Hormone** 

**Therapy on Change of Body Composition** 

Obesity is a process by which excess energy accumulates and results in increasing fat deposition in various parts of the body. Obesity is associated with economic, social, and lifestyle factors, and is commonly induced by imbalanced energy intake and consumption of high calorie foods or low physical activity. Obesity is a worldwide issue in public health that significantly increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and

Body weight increases with aging in both genders, irrespective of the baseline weight in normal and obese individuals [1]. This increase in body weight is attributed to a reduction in energy expenditure with decreased physical activity. The global prevalence of obesity has been reported to be higher in females than males [2]. A US population survey estimated that

In addition to aging, the menopause is considered an important factor for contributing to altered adiposity in women. Menopause is defined as a decline in endogenous estrogen production from the ovaries, and clinically represents cessation of menstruation and loss of fertility. Estrogen loss is the most significant event impacting a variety of physiologic and psychological changes in women. In the peri- or postmenopausal period, a change in adiposity has been well described. Weight gain during the menopausal transition has been scrutinized as a critical factor to midlife body weight in women [1]. Several observational studies have shown increased weight gain during the menopausal transition [4, 5]. A number of clinical trials have demonstrated a significant association between menopausal status with changes in anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose/insulin metabolism [6-11], which can be linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Given the collective evidence on the change in adiposity across the menopausal transition, the roles of sex hormones, especially estrogen, are of increased interest in understanding the regulation of adiposity. This review discusses the association between estrogen and adiposity, and the interaction of estrogen with other biological metabolites and substances

approximately two thirds of women 40 - 60 years of age are overweight or obese [3].

**1. Introduction** 

cardiovascular disease.

during the postmenopausal period [12].
