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**6** 

*Australia* 

**Sex Differences and the Role** 

**of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal** 

Anne I. Turner1, Charlotte L. Keating2 and Alan J. Tilbrook3 *1Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and* 

**Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress** 

*Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 2Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University,* 

*3Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria,* 

*The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria,* 

**Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary** 

We have undertaken a critical analysis of the role of sex and sex steroids in influencing stress responsiveness. We have reviewed the current literature regarding the manner in which the stress-induced activation of the sympatho-adrenal medullary system and the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis are influenced by the sex of individuals and the sex steroids that are present and how these vary with different types of stress and in different physiological conditions. The chapter focuses predominantly on sheep and human research, although research in rodents is introduced where pertinent. Where appropriate, we draw on our extensive research published over the last two decades using sheep as an experimental model and consider how these data inform and compliment the current findings in human studies. It is clear from the literature reviewed here that there is a major need for research to understand

stress responsiveness. The gaps in knowledge requiring this research are highlighted.

**2. What is stress and what are the physiological responses to stress?** 

For a term used frequently in everyday language, stress has proven surprisingly difficult to define. Stress is a term that can appear diffuse, lacking in rigor and certainty of meaning. Nevertheless, most published definitions of stress are concerned with challenges to, or disruptions of, homeostasis. Indeed, our own working definition of stress is "a complex physiological state that embodies a range of integrative physiological and behavioral processes that occur when there is a real or perceived threat to homeostasis" [1, 2]. Certainly, the importance of the maintenance of homeostasis has long been recognized. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles (500-430 BC) acknowledged the

**1. Introduction** 

(ICLC) to TELOCYTES. *Journal of cellular and molecular medicine*, (April 2010), Vol.14, No.4, pp. 729-740, ISSN 1582-4934

