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## Meet the editor

Dr. Kırmusaoğlu, PhD, is an assistant professor of microbiology at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, T.C. Haliç University. She specialized in microbiology at Abant Izzet Baysal University (Biology Department), Turkey. Her previous experience includes laboratory manager at microbiology laboratories in several research and private hospitals. Throughout her career, she collaborated with academicians/researchers from AIBU, METU, and Istanbul

University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, and has participated in various research projects. Dr. Kırmusaoğlu's research interests include pathogenic bacteria, bacterial biofilms, activities of antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents, antibacterial resistance, synergistic activities of antimicrobials in combination with new agents such as chemical and natural bioactive compounds against pathogenic bacteria such as antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-producing microorganisms, regulation of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, pathogen–host interactions, bacterial pathogenesis, and microbiota. She has published several international research articles, books, book chapters, and congress proceedings. She is also the editor of *Disinfection*, *Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control*, and *Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods* published by IntechOpen. In addition to these, she wrote the book *Genel Biyoloji Laboratuvar Kılavuzu* (*General Biology Laboratory Manual*) published by Hipokrat Publisher. She has contributed to a chapter translation of the book *Sherris Medical Microbiology*  by Ryan et al. as one of the translation authors of *Sherris Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji*, which is a Turkish translated book edited by Prof. Dr. Dürdal Us and Prof. Dr. Ahmet Başustaoğlu.

Contents

**Section 1**

and *Streptococcus*

*by Anıl Cebeci and Sahra Kırmusaoğlu*

Manipulates Human Fibrinolytic System

*and Anuradha Chakraborti*

**Section 2**

**Preface III**

Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 25**

**Chapter 4 45**

Antimicrobial Resistance **59**

**Chapter 5 61**

**Chapter 6 75**

**Chapter 7 95**

Introductory Chapter: An Overview of the Genus *Staphylococcus*

Virulence Factors of *Streptococcus mutans* Related to Dental Caries

Cell Surface and Cytosolic Proteins of Group B Streptococcus Adding

Nemonoxacin (Taigexyn®): A New Non-Fluorinated Quinolone

*Staphylococcus aureus* in the Meat Supply Chain: Detection Methods,

An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen: *Streptococcus pneumoniae*

*by Valeria Velasco, Mario Quezada-Aguiluz and Helia Bello-Toledo*

*by Bojanich María Alejandra and Orlietti Mariano Daniel*

Toward Better Understanding on How Group A *Streptococcus*

*by Adam J.H. Quek, James C. Whisstock and Ruby H.P. Law*

New Dimensions in Its Colonization and Pathogenesis *by Manju Ohri Pai, Venkatesh Srinivasa Pai, Pratima Gupta* 

*by Li-Wen Chang, Ming-Chu Hsu and Ying-Yuan Zhang*

Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Factors

*by Khalid I. Alqumaizi and Razique Anwer*

### Contents


Preface

*Staphylococcus* spp. and *Streptococcus* spp. have not only got pathogenic isolates, but also non-pathogenic isolates. *Staphylococcus* spp. and *Streptococcus* spp. that are Gram positive cocci are the main pathogens in several infections. Virulence factors such as usual and unusual surface proteins encoded by resistance genes are the main causes of pathogenesis. Multidrug-resistant pathogens that are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide have the ability to synthesize a number of destructive enzymes encoded by resistance genes such as β-lactamases. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA), *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, Group A, and Group B *Streptococcus* have emerged throughout the world. To eliminate these resistant pathogens that cause untreatable, acute, and chronic infections, different new antimicrobials must be developed and used.

This book contains seven chapters from valued experts in Turkey, Argentina, China, Australia, Chile, India, and Saudi Arabia. The goal of this book is to provide information on the topics mentioned. The book will be useful for researchers interested in the study of staphylococcus and streptococcus, and antimicrobial

I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this book with their chapters. I would also like to thank Mr. Josip Knapic who assisted me in this project as the Author Service Manager and IntechOpen Publisher for their concern and

> **Dr. Sahra Kırmusaoğlu** Assistant Professor, Haliç University,

Faculty of Arts and Sciences,

Beyoğlu-Istanbul, Turkey

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,

resistance of staphylococcus and streptococcus.

encouragement in publishing this book.
