**4. Mechanisms underpinning the actions of flavonoids as synaptic plasticity modulators**

Flavonoid subclass has been extensively studied. For this reason, flavonoids have been recognized as promising agents capable of influencing different aspects of synaptic plasticity resulting in improvements in learning and memory. It is not completely clear how flavonoids affect synaptic plasticity. A growing body of evidence suggests that they can (1) modulate receptor function, and (2) promote

the expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes and proteins (**Figure 2**). The next sections outline the effects of flavonoids in synaptic plasticity and how these may underpin improvements in memory.
