Clinical Utilization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

*Update on Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells*

[43] Tokunaga K, Nakatsuji N, Nakajima F. HLA-haplotype banking and iPS cells. Nature Biotechnology. 2008;**26**(7):739-740. DOI: 10.1038/

stem cell lines. Stem Cells.

2012;**30**(2):180-186. DOI: 10.1002/

[45] Gornalusse GG, Hirata RK,

and lysis by NK cells. Nature

2018;**13**:859-866. DOI: 10.2217/

10.1038/nbt.3860

rme-2018-0095

Funk SE. HLA-E-expressing pluripotent stem cells escape allogeneic responses

Biotechnology. 2017;**35**:765-772. DOI:

[46] Sullivan S, Stacey GN, Akazawa C, Aoyama N, Baptista R, Bedford P, et al. Quality control guidelines for clinicalgrade human induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Regenerative Medicine.

[44] Gourraud P-A, Gilson L, Girard M, Peschanski M. The role of human leukocyte antigen matching in the development of multiethnic "haplobank" of induced pluripotent

nbt0708-739

stem.772

**26**

Chapter 3

Abstract

and Asma M. Al-Jasser

The Rising Role of Mesenchymal

Various Infectious Complications

Mesenchymal stem cells are heterogenous adult multipotent stromal cells that can be isolated from various sources including: bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, dental pulp, and adipose tissue. They have certain immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive, and antimicrobial properties that enable them to have several therapeutic and clinical applications including: treatment of autoimmune disorders, role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and regenerative medicine, as well as treatment of various infections and their associated complications such as septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although more success has been achieved in preclinical trials on the use of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models than in human clinical trials, particularly in septic shock and Chagas disease, more progress has been made in both disorders after the recent use of specific sources and certain doses of mesenchymal stem cells. Nevertheless, the utilization of this type of stem cells has shown remarkable progress in the treatment of few infections such as tuberculosis. The clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of several diseases still faces real challenges that need to be resolved. The following book chapter will be an updated review on the role of

mesenchymal stem cells in various infections and their complications.

septic shock, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chagas disease,

1. Introduction to mesenchymal stem cells

human immunodeficiency virus

BM [2, 4–6].

29

Keywords: mesenchymal stem cells, host immunity, antimicrobial properties,

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which were first described by Alexander Fridenstein in the 1960s, are heterogeneous, non-hematopoietic, adult multipotent stromal progenitor cells that are capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation into multiple lineages and various cell types [1–8]. They can be isolated from several sources including bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), umbilical cord blood (UCB), amniotic fluid, placenta, adipose tissue (AT), and dental pulp as shown in Table 1 [1–8]. Although the BM is the main source of MSCs, these stromal cells constitute only a small fraction of the total number of cells populating the

Stem Cells in the Treatment of

Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi, Waleed K. Al-Anazi

## Chapter 3
