**4.2 Smart phosphorous nutrition management**

Adequate P nutrition of rice is essential because it is needed for energy storage and transfer within plant body. In rice P ensured early maturity, straw strength, and crop quality and disease resistance. Phosphorus exists in soil in two basic pools, organic and inorganic. The organic P (Po) is the part of soil organic matter and soil biomass. The dynamic nature of soil organic matter mineralization and immobilization processes dictate that some of Po contributes to plant available P. Actually inorganic P (Pi) regulates P nutrition for rice plant uptake [13]. Pi in soils has been characterized by five forms: (1) calcium phosphate (Ca-P), (2) iron phosphate (Fe-P), (3) aluminum phosphate (Al-P), (4) occluded P (O-P), (5) soluble orthophosphate (Sl-P) last once more readily utilized by plant body within a wide range of

### **Figure 3.**

*Nitrogen chemicals forms, transformations, and behavior in the flooded soil environment in which rice is grown. Nitrogen sources are in blocks, nitrogen chemical form are in circles and the mechanisms responsible for the various nitrogen transformations or behavior are located on the arrowed lines [8, 9, 13].*

**159**

**Figure 4.**

*management.*

*Smart Nutrition Management of Rice Crop under Climate Change Environment*

soil reaction. The availability of other forms in different soil system depends upon sorption, desorption and diffusion by maintain equilibrium between labile and solution P levels. P deficiency mostly shown as bronzed leaf very similar symptoms appeared when rice grown on Zinc deficiency soil. In general, P fertilizer rates of 30, 20 and 10 kg P/ha are recommended for rice when the soil test are very low, low and medium in P respectively. In industrial agriculture, the foliar P application may

forms (1) solution, (2) exchangeable, (3) nonexchangeable, (4) mineral; these four forms of K are all in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Potassium deficiency has not been a common problem in rice but P deficiency enhances the occurrences of disease like, kernel smut, stem, and sheath rot'. In the field condition K status change easily from K-deficient to K-sufficient by interactions of K pools. In general recommendation the foliar application of potassium nitrate produced better results

The metal micronutrients reported to affect the growth of rice under climate change environments are zinc, iron and manganese. Several mechanism in which aerobic and flooded environment influence the availability of trace element by (1) increased solubility of compounds via the dilution effect of excess water, (2) pH changes associated with oxidation-reduction reactions, which can cause nutrients to be transformed to soluble and insoluble forms, (3) increased availability due to mobility of nutrients in the saturated soil. Nutrient plant uptake also affected by temperature change [4]. The use of chelated for micronutrients proved successful to improve yield of rice under the condition of global climate condition. Iron and Mn in the soil conceptually exist in four basic forms: solution Fe and Mn, adsorbed Fe and exchangeable Mn, organic complexed Fe and Mn, and Fe and Mn in primary and secondary minerals. All of these forms of Fe and Mn are in equilibrium with solution Fe and Mn, and the organic complexed forms facilitate their transport in the soil solution and uptake by rice. Unlike Zn, these two metal micronutrients can be reduced in flooded soil and become much more soluble and

*Dose optimization of NPK fertilizer among two fine and coarse contrasting rice varieties for better yield* 

ion. Potassium exists in the soil as four basic

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86094*

also be recommended at the stage of grain filling [11].

against disease in rice plant [10, 11, 14] (**Figure 4**).

**4.4 Smart micronutrients management in rice growth**

**4.3 Smart potassium fertilizer management**

Potassium is taken up by rice as K<sup>+</sup>

plant available [5, 15, 16] (**Figure 5**).

*Smart Nutrition Management of Rice Crop under Climate Change Environment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86094*

soil reaction. The availability of other forms in different soil system depends upon sorption, desorption and diffusion by maintain equilibrium between labile and solution P levels. P deficiency mostly shown as bronzed leaf very similar symptoms appeared when rice grown on Zinc deficiency soil. In general, P fertilizer rates of 30, 20 and 10 kg P/ha are recommended for rice when the soil test are very low, low and medium in P respectively. In industrial agriculture, the foliar P application may also be recommended at the stage of grain filling [11].

### **4.3 Smart potassium fertilizer management**

*Protecting Rice Grains in the Post-Genomic Era*

**the scenario of global climate change**

**4.1 Smart nitrogen fertilizer management**

sion (**Figure 3**) [8, 9].

**4. Smart mineral nutrition management of essential plant nutrients in** 

Rice grain yield mainly affected by the number of tillers, which, in turn, is influenced by the N fertilizer rates. The application of N for rice highly depends on soil separates content. In sandy soil with low CEC fertilizer is subjected to considerable leaching losses, higher N rate or multiple N applications may be considered to overcome losses. The clay soils generally need 40–60 kg N/ha more N fertilizer than those rice grown on silt loams to achieve similar grain yield. The use of climate smart nitrogen fertilizer like: neem coated, sulfur coated, polyamine coated that

Adequate P nutrition of rice is essential because it is needed for energy storage and transfer within plant body. In rice P ensured early maturity, straw strength, and crop quality and disease resistance. Phosphorus exists in soil in two basic pools, organic and inorganic. The organic P (Po) is the part of soil organic matter and soil biomass. The dynamic nature of soil organic matter mineralization and immobilization processes dictate that some of Po contributes to plant available P. Actually inorganic P (Pi) regulates P nutrition for rice plant uptake [13]. Pi in soils has been characterized by five forms: (1) calcium phosphate (Ca-P), (2) iron phosphate (Fe-P), (3) aluminum phosphate (Al-P), (4) occluded P (O-P), (5) soluble orthophosphate (Sl-P) last once more readily utilized by plant body within a wide range of

*Nitrogen chemicals forms, transformations, and behavior in the flooded soil environment in which rice is grown. Nitrogen sources are in blocks, nitrogen chemical form are in circles and the mechanisms responsible for* 

*the various nitrogen transformations or behavior are located on the arrowed lines [8, 9, 13].*

may improve yield of rice under tough soil and climate condition [12].

**4.2 Smart phosphorous nutrition management**

Management of no other fertilizer nutrient presents a great challenge to the rice. The N fertilizer rate required to achieve optimum yield in rice can be influenced significantly by the preceding crop. The nitrogen fertilizer rate required to produce the best grain and milling yield of rice is dependent on rice genotypes, stand density, previous crops, straw management, soil texture, permeability, N fertilizer methods, water management, soil reaction, tillage and N fertilizer source. In rice plant nitrogen fertilizer loss mainly by nitrification and denitrification, and diffu-

**158**

**Figure 3.**

Potassium is taken up by rice as K<sup>+</sup> ion. Potassium exists in the soil as four basic forms (1) solution, (2) exchangeable, (3) nonexchangeable, (4) mineral; these four forms of K are all in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Potassium deficiency has not been a common problem in rice but P deficiency enhances the occurrences of disease like, kernel smut, stem, and sheath rot'. In the field condition K status change easily from K-deficient to K-sufficient by interactions of K pools. In general recommendation the foliar application of potassium nitrate produced better results against disease in rice plant [10, 11, 14] (**Figure 4**).

### **4.4 Smart micronutrients management in rice growth**

The metal micronutrients reported to affect the growth of rice under climate change environments are zinc, iron and manganese. Several mechanism in which aerobic and flooded environment influence the availability of trace element by (1) increased solubility of compounds via the dilution effect of excess water, (2) pH changes associated with oxidation-reduction reactions, which can cause nutrients to be transformed to soluble and insoluble forms, (3) increased availability due to mobility of nutrients in the saturated soil. Nutrient plant uptake also affected by temperature change [4]. The use of chelated for micronutrients proved successful to improve yield of rice under the condition of global climate condition. Iron and Mn in the soil conceptually exist in four basic forms: solution Fe and Mn, adsorbed Fe and exchangeable Mn, organic complexed Fe and Mn, and Fe and Mn in primary and secondary minerals. All of these forms of Fe and Mn are in equilibrium with solution Fe and Mn, and the organic complexed forms facilitate their transport in the soil solution and uptake by rice. Unlike Zn, these two metal micronutrients can be reduced in flooded soil and become much more soluble and plant available [5, 15, 16] (**Figure 5**).

### **Figure 4.**

*Dose optimization of NPK fertilizer among two fine and coarse contrasting rice varieties for better yield management.*

**Figure 5.** *Influence of commercial grade zinc sulfate on the yield of rice crop.*

### **4.5 Beneficial plant nutrient management and rice growth**

Silicon is the second most abundant mineral in the earth's crust but is not considered an essential element for many plant species. Silica is considered a beneficial element for rice growth, because it has not been shown that rice fails to complete its life cycle in the absence of Si. Plant species are categorized as either Si-accumulators or non-accumulators. Rice is considered as Si-accumulator specie. Application of Si amendments have been shown to be beneficial to rice growth, yield, and pest reaction in some areas of the United States. Research in Pakistan has demonstrated that Si containing soil amendments have produced significant yield increase on mineral soils. 2 kg silicon/hectare is required for better yield of rice [10, 11].

### **5. Conclusion**

The change in greenhouse gasses concentration leading to global climate change is evident at present. In this global climate change we can now address plant ability to efficiently use the nutrients available to it whether from chemical fertilizers, manures or what is naturally available in the soil and water by inventing a simple hypothetical perfect food plant which contains high nutritional value of food that we eat.

The aim of this contribution is firstly to print out of some if presently available plant nutrition ways to rice crop and secondly to demonstrate the impact of global climate change on the rice crop growth. We should that efficient use of fertilizer material have to potential combat agent the climate change situation. This enables us to construct a new approach of plant nutrition new concept and methods are desperately needed to achieve the goal of sustainable agriculture growth of rice under alarming global climate change situation. Low productivity in rice crop is mainly caused by native low soil fertility and water stress. The low soil fertility is associated with low organic matter and clay content in soil, which also produce low recovery efficiency of chemical fertilizer.

The field of investigation revealed a linear relationship between paddy yield and fertilizer application rate between N and Zn. Frequent split fertilizer application of slow release fertilizer improved fertilizer recovery efficiency that a key to feature in rice productivity in this climate change scenario.

The integrated use of natural and chemical fertilizer improved the fertilizer holding capacity that critical factor to enhance rice productivity under all type of rice culture. Application of poultry litter, either fresh or composted, has been shown to be the most effective means of quickly restoring rice productivity to soils that have been altered by precision grading. Graded soils have lower organic matter

**161**

**Author details**

Rai Mukkram Ali Tahir\*<sup>1</sup>

University of Sargodha, Pakistan

and Ijaz Rasool Noorka1

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

tive criticism that improved this manuscript.

There is no conflict of interest.

Sargodha, Pakistan

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: rai786@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Muhammad Afzal2

, Ghulam Sarwar1

, Noor-us-Sabah1

1 Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,

2 Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of

*Smart Nutrition Management of Rice Crop under Climate Change Environment*

and thus lower amounts of potentially mineralization of native soils N than do typical undisturbed soils. Consequently, N fertilizer rates for rice should be adjusted only when extremely high rates of litter are applied immediately prior to planting. Global climate change is a major concern in the twenty-first century that may lead to depletion of the soil organic matter that will decrease the efficient uptake of mineral nutrient in rice crop. The smart nutrient management program taking into account the availability of nutrients in all types of soil, crop requirement and other factors, such as, removal of nutrients from the soil by the crop, economics of fertilizer profitability, farmers ability to invest, soil moisture regime, physical and microbiological condition of the soil, available soil nutrient status, nutrient recycling and cropping sequence, limiting loss to the environment. Achieving balance between the nutrient requirements of plant and the nutrient recovered in soils is essential for maintaining high yields and soil fertility to sustain agriculture production over the long term. Smart nutrient management program has considerable potential to enhance growth of rice in developing countries in the next decade.

The authors would like to thanks Dr. Tariq Aziz, project director of University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan and an anonymous review for valuable construc-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86094*

### *Smart Nutrition Management of Rice Crop under Climate Change Environment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86094*

and thus lower amounts of potentially mineralization of native soils N than do typical undisturbed soils. Consequently, N fertilizer rates for rice should be adjusted only when extremely high rates of litter are applied immediately prior to planting.

Global climate change is a major concern in the twenty-first century that may lead to depletion of the soil organic matter that will decrease the efficient uptake of mineral nutrient in rice crop. The smart nutrient management program taking into account the availability of nutrients in all types of soil, crop requirement and other factors, such as, removal of nutrients from the soil by the crop, economics of fertilizer profitability, farmers ability to invest, soil moisture regime, physical and microbiological condition of the soil, available soil nutrient status, nutrient recycling and cropping sequence, limiting loss to the environment. Achieving balance between the nutrient requirements of plant and the nutrient recovered in soils is essential for maintaining high yields and soil fertility to sustain agriculture production over the long term. Smart nutrient management program has considerable potential to enhance growth of rice in developing countries in the next decade.
