1. Introduction

Marble wastes, fine limestone, or hydrated lime is used as sorbent in fluidized bed combustion as desulfurizing sorbent in postcombustion. Popped borax and Tatvan pumice waste and char waste are yielded in two different size forms over sand size and 20 micron. The forest wood wastes is in lump size conventionally evaluated in char carbon industry and other may be evaluated as filling materials in fine size lower than 20 microns. The waste carbon may be evaluated as sorbent in fluidized combustion of coal in composite forms following solid-liquid separation thickeners. In this study, Şırnak asphaltite char and clayish char as sorbent coal waste or char in finer size lower than 10 mm pyrolyzed may avoid heat decrease and without deteriorate nature and environment near thermal power plants. The waste fine of marble processing plants may be very effective in neutralizing acidic industrial waste waters and avoiding water contamination in streams. The utility of coal char and clayish char waste in toxic gas emission control during fluidized bed combustion can efficiently be made possible. However, fluidized combustion is carried out below 8 mm solid fuel combustion with addition of sorbent at weight rate of 20–25%. In order to avoid this high amount of sorbent consumption, the clayish char or coal waste cold be sufficient in homogenous disturbing flow manner of that waste material, clayish coal waste and Şırnak asphaltite char or biomass waste char pellets following pyrolyzed manure and local wood waste were used in laboratory type combustion chamber at 20% weight rate.

27.0% as paper and cardboards, and additionally, dried food waste was 14.6% and the yard waste was 13.5% after suitable segregation of the total collected waste in

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted…

On the way of washing and processing characteristics of the lignite as considered environment are distinctly separated in utilization and classification. In the view of producing high-value cleaned products, pyrolysis municipal waste or lignite char are being processed for their final products, managed on this active carbon purpose. Carbonized char waste and amount could also be evaluated in sorption and energy

Effective carbonization processes depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization and the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as the presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas, and carbonization rate [11]. For stabilizing the desorption, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.), temperature, and oxygen content of coal and the optimizing carbon dioxide concentration ratios [12] added to the adsorption–desorption balance, the residence time, and the spatial distribution of molecules in coal pores among other factors that determine the efficiency of carbonization. Guerrero et al. [13] also included the carbon reactivity and the adsorption characteristics as factors affecting the rate and extent of carbonization that is dependent on the site activation, its gas desorption properties, and its porosity [14]. Carbonization is a prerequisite step for oil generation and soot formation from tire waste, biomass wastes, and coal. TGA results of waste materials showing sufficient carbon conversion are

A major reason is that the retention time in fixed film processes is longer than that in solid–gas processes. This allows more time for carbonization by cracking the

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China from 1980 to 2013 [10].

China in 2015 as seen in Figure 2.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

need in this study.

1.1 Carbonization to char

shown in Figure 3 [15].

1.1.1 Coal particle size

Figure 2.

63

About 40, 60, and 80% manure char containing Şırnak asphaltite pellets were used in our combustion experiments as 1–2 mm sized pellets. The popped borax and pumice waste pellets provided an 88% sulfur dioxide emission and also wood char and soot pellets provided 45% emission reduction in fluidized bed combustion. Microwave activity in wet pellet columns was found to be effective in desulphurization of flue gas and char occurrence.

In the Thermal Coal Power station in Silopi, Şırnak, Park Elektrik Co., 405 MW electricity was produced using fluidized bed combustion in three boilers by burning 232 kg coal per MW [1]. Şırnak asphaltite contained 6.7% pyrite and 3.8% organic sulfur and combusted with local limestone as 92% calcium carbonate and 4% magnesium carbonate at 10% weight rate in the fluidized bed for desulfurizing sorbent [2]. Processing technologies using animal manure and combustible municipal waste should be under contribution to the fuel side for energy production in European countries (Figure 1) [3]. About 49% of the total municipal waste in Sweden was converted to energy in 2014 and this rate was 39, 7, and 22% for the Netherlands, the USA, and the EU27, respectively.

Regarding advanced technological developments in energy production, the lowquality municipal wastes needed the most economical technologies. In order to make it possible to produce waste-derived fuel products as Char and even coal waste diverted source in China [4–9]. Combustible municipal waste rate reached

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

27.0% as paper and cardboards, and additionally, dried food waste was 14.6% and the yard waste was 13.5% after suitable segregation of the total collected waste in China in 2015 as seen in Figure 2.

On the way of washing and processing characteristics of the lignite as considered environment are distinctly separated in utilization and classification. In the view of producing high-value cleaned products, pyrolysis municipal waste or lignite char are being processed for their final products, managed on this active carbon purpose. Carbonized char waste and amount could also be evaluated in sorption and energy need in this study.

#### 1.1 Carbonization to char

without deteriorate nature and environment near thermal power plants. The waste fine of marble processing plants may be very effective in neutralizing acidic industrial waste waters and avoiding water contamination in streams. The utility of coal char and clayish char waste in toxic gas emission control during fluidized bed combustion can efficiently be made possible. However, fluidized combustion is carried out below 8 mm solid fuel combustion with addition of sorbent at weight rate of 20–25%. In order to avoid this high amount of sorbent consumption, the clayish char or coal waste cold be sufficient in homogenous disturbing flow manner of that waste material, clayish coal waste and Şırnak asphaltite char or biomass waste char pellets following pyrolyzed manure and local wood waste were used in

About 40, 60, and 80% manure char containing Şırnak asphaltite pellets were used in our combustion experiments as 1–2 mm sized pellets. The popped borax and pumice waste pellets provided an 88% sulfur dioxide emission and also wood char and soot pellets provided 45% emission reduction in fluidized bed combustion.

In the Thermal Coal Power station in Silopi, Şırnak, Park Elektrik Co., 405 MW electricity was produced using fluidized bed combustion in three boilers by burning 232 kg coal per MW [1]. Şırnak asphaltite contained 6.7% pyrite and 3.8% organic sulfur and combusted with local limestone as 92% calcium carbonate and 4% magnesium carbonate at 10% weight rate in the fluidized bed for desulfurizing sorbent [2]. Processing technologies using animal manure and combustible municipal waste should be under contribution to the fuel side for energy production in European countries (Figure 1) [3]. About 49% of the total municipal waste in Sweden was converted to energy in 2014 and this rate was 39, 7, and 22% for the Netherlands,

Regarding advanced technological developments in energy production, the low-

quality municipal wastes needed the most economical technologies. In order to make it possible to produce waste-derived fuel products as Char and even coal waste diverted source in China [4–9]. Combustible municipal waste rate reached

Waste-to-energy production and distribution of countries according to the European waste [3].

laboratory type combustion chamber at 20% weight rate.

desulphurization of flue gas and char occurrence.

the USA, and the EU27, respectively.

Sorption in 2020s

Figure 1.

62

Microwave activity in wet pellet columns was found to be effective in

Effective carbonization processes depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization and the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as the presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas, and carbonization rate [11]. For stabilizing the desorption, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.), temperature, and oxygen content of coal and the optimizing carbon dioxide concentration ratios [12] added to the adsorption–desorption balance, the residence time, and the spatial distribution of molecules in coal pores among other factors that determine the efficiency of carbonization. Guerrero et al. [13] also included the carbon reactivity and the adsorption characteristics as factors affecting the rate and extent of carbonization that is dependent on the site activation, its gas desorption properties, and its porosity [14]. Carbonization is a prerequisite step for oil generation and soot formation from tire waste, biomass wastes, and coal. TGA results of waste materials showing sufficient carbon conversion are shown in Figure 3 [15].

### 1.1.1 Coal particle size

A major reason is that the retention time in fixed film processes is longer than that in solid–gas processes. This allows more time for carbonization by cracking the

desorbed persistent compounds. Furthermore, high-rank coals allow sufficient intimate contact between surface pores and gas atmosphere in the furnace due to more gas desorption [16, 17].

Carbonization efficiencies exceeding the total desorption abilities during increased fast pyrolysis on coal and wood were also reported by Tosun [21].

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted…

The specific surface area measured as BET N2 sorption, total surface activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, free radical concentration, and reactivity of coal were related to the carbonization activity. However, in some investigations, the pore size distribution of coal

Although molecular gas diffusion is described to be the primary mass transport process in the combustion chamber, complex convective gas emissions proliferated the alkali clusters below 1–2 mm size and exothermic combustion reactions increased toxic substances in the gas form, and a relatively porous structure of expanded clay interstitial spaces and cracks reduced over 5 mm size. The combustion gas substances toward the expanded clay surface through this surface alkali are primarily accomplished by molecular diffusion across the microcracks and alkali clusters. In the combustion experiments, the experimental condition is calculated on the basis of the ash composition in the ambient state. So neither the contained water vapor nor the condensing hydrocarbons are taken into account. Expanded clay and limestone sorbent use in asphaltite combustion provided sufficient hold-up gas as shown in Figure 4.

Soot matter removal during BC treatments results from the combined effect of adsorption and degradation. The efficiency of the combined combustion of waste

The sulfur sorption effect of expanded clay and limestone in combustion of Şırnak asphaltite [18].

1.1.3 Surface properties of coal reactivity

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

Figure 4.

65

is also greatly to reduce pyrolysis kinetics [15].

1.2 Pyrolysis to char of waste coal, tire, wood, and biomass

### 1.1.2 Coal porosity

The porous structure of activated carbon is a factor that determines to a great extent both the rate and degree of carbonization [18]. Sharma et al. [19] found that a mesoporous coal carbonized more efficiently than a microporous coal.

Phenol molecules that may undergo an oxidative coupling reaction may be irreversibly adsorbed on coal, which in column back flow may result in low carbonization efficiency. Phenol radicals formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from each phenol molecule can participate in direct coupling with other phenoltype radicals at even room temperature, with the coal surface serving as a catalyst. The types of catalysts are given in Table 1.

#### Figure 3.

TGA analysis showing carbon conversion of different waste materials used for carbon production.


#### Table 1.

The types of catalysts and substrates and properties used in gas conversion syngas production.

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

Carbonization efficiencies exceeding the total desorption abilities during increased fast pyrolysis on coal and wood were also reported by Tosun [21].

#### 1.1.3 Surface properties of coal reactivity

desorbed persistent compounds. Furthermore, high-rank coals allow sufficient intimate contact between surface pores and gas atmosphere in the furnace due to

The porous structure of activated carbon is a factor that determines to a great extent both the rate and degree of carbonization [18]. Sharma et al. [19] found that

Phenol molecules that may undergo an oxidative coupling reaction may be irreversibly adsorbed on coal, which in column back flow may result in low carbonization efficiency. Phenol radicals formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from each phenol molecule can participate in direct coupling with other phenoltype radicals at even room temperature, with the coal surface serving as a catalyst.

a mesoporous coal carbonized more efficiently than a microporous coal.

TGA analysis showing carbon conversion of different waste materials used for carbon production.

Hematite over clay 43 34 45 Strong

Nickel/Pt 2 77 33 Strong

The types of catalysts and substrates and properties used in gas conversion syngas production.

Weight rate, %

Ferrite over fly ash 20 56 33 Strong [20]

120 12 55 Strong

78 23 57 Weak

54 12 45 Weak

Reaction performance Contamination Reference

more gas desorption [16, 17].

The types of catalysts are given in Table 1.

1.1.2 Coal porosity

Sorption in 2020s

Figure 3.

Type Surface area

Titanium oxide over

Vanadium oxide over

Cobalt oxide over alumina

ZEOLİTE

alumina

Table 1.

64

m<sup>2</sup> /gr

The specific surface area measured as BET N2 sorption, total surface activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, free radical concentration, and reactivity of coal were related to the carbonization activity. However, in some investigations, the pore size distribution of coal is also greatly to reduce pyrolysis kinetics [15].

Although molecular gas diffusion is described to be the primary mass transport process in the combustion chamber, complex convective gas emissions proliferated the alkali clusters below 1–2 mm size and exothermic combustion reactions increased toxic substances in the gas form, and a relatively porous structure of expanded clay interstitial spaces and cracks reduced over 5 mm size. The combustion gas substances toward the expanded clay surface through this surface alkali are primarily accomplished by molecular diffusion across the microcracks and alkali clusters. In the combustion experiments, the experimental condition is calculated on the basis of the ash composition in the ambient state. So neither the contained water vapor nor the condensing hydrocarbons are taken into account. Expanded clay and limestone sorbent use in asphaltite combustion provided sufficient hold-up gas as shown in Figure 4.

#### 1.2 Pyrolysis to char of waste coal, tire, wood, and biomass

Soot matter removal during BC treatments results from the combined effect of adsorption and degradation. The efficiency of the combined combustion of waste

Figure 4. The sulfur sorption effect of expanded clay and limestone in combustion of Şırnak asphaltite [18].

for soot formation needs lack of oxygen combustion method. The process is higher than expected for either soot formation or carbon without oil alone. The carbon surface for pollutants protects them from shock loadings of toxic and inhibitory materials, such as carbon. High inert gas processes using catalyst carbon as carrier for iron film attachment are efficient to remove soot from ethylene. However, in catalytic systems, the gas attachment to surface is less efficient than that in iron film or in fluidized bed reactors using CO2 and pellets as iron film carrier [22].

This is because, in the latter, then retention time of solids is generally much higher than in black carbon processes, allowing more time for gas attachment to BC. Figure 5 shows the flowsheet used in BC production from pyrolysis oil, waste oil, and natural gas and sometimes oil mixtures [20]. Waste char was proposed to produce from local waste sources in terms of agricultural and forest biomass waste in waste char carbon production system in waste pyrolysis purposed furnace unit

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted…

Carbonization of oil waste, asphalt or bitumen for active carbon production in slurries could evaluate efficiently sorption Au in pulp was commonly gold extraction systems, they use AC in fine size and as slurries gold cyanide solutions passed through. Fine activated carbon or char is more advantageous than granule AC. Additionally, powder AC provided uniform carbon site distribution on solids and agitation slurries without contamination or active site blocking. Additionally, less energy is required for milling of carbon considering the oily structure. It is a fact that pyrolysis of oil could become at low temperature carbonization blocking the active carbon sites even contaminated carbon pores when the condensate is removed from the liquid phase through furnace. The oil gradient should be deter-

Alkali salts such as burned lime and hydrated lime, fluorite and calcium borates, limestone, and fly ash could be used in desulfurization in coal combustion. Marble wastes, coal, and wood char produced in two different forms in size may be also evaluated as sorbent in postcombustion. One type of sorbent, carbonized wood char is in lump size and can easily be evaluated in carbon industry and other fine size may be evaluated as filling materials in paint, rubber, and plastic as fire barrier mixed at fine size under 5 microns, which are collected following solid-liquid separation and milling. Char as carbonized from coal and coal waste in finer size may deteriorate nearby environment and may be used in water treatment and avoid contamination in industrial waste streams. Beneficiating from char waste in toxic gas emission control during combustion can efficiently be made possible. However, fluidized combustion is carried out below 7 mm solid fuel combustion. Fine matters below 100 microns may deteriorate flow manner, so to avoid this disturbing flow manner of that fine char waste material, clayish char pellets were used in combustion chamber. Fine char wastes may also be evaluated with lime as sorbent raw material. The coal fly ash and Şırnak asphaltite fine could manage remediation of soil as sorbent utility without carbonation and neutralizing humate material as waste [23]. The black carbon used in industrial sectors such as rubber, paper, and animal food production may evaluate as much as 40% marble waste fine coal char and fly ash. The fly ash of Silopi Power Plant combusting Şırnak asphaltite fine containing Ca ferrite and alkali ferrite pellets could be used as sorbent in postcombustion. In this study, TGA experiments with 1–2 mm sized ash ferrite

pellets of Silopi Power Plant were evaluated and compared with char.

chemical reactivity.

67

effective in desulphurization of flue gas and soot occurrence. Microwave

Microwave activity and chemical activity in postcombustion were found to be

activation of fly ash with Ca ferrite and metallic slag was much efficient in humidified exhaust gas reactions. Fine chemical washing during microwave absorption columns and heating may also be evaluated as active site formation at raw material without destroying chemical form for industrial sectors such as active

for Şırnak as illustrated in Figure 6 [20].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

mined for a suitable char production used as sorbent.

2. Solid sorbent use in emission control

Microwave Radiated Sorption-Hazardous Emission Control by Popped Borax and Salted… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89370

This is because, in the latter, then retention time of solids is generally much higher than in black carbon processes, allowing more time for gas attachment to BC. Figure 5 shows the flowsheet used in BC production from pyrolysis oil, waste oil, and natural gas and sometimes oil mixtures [20]. Waste char was proposed to produce from local waste sources in terms of agricultural and forest biomass waste in waste char carbon production system in waste pyrolysis purposed furnace unit for Şırnak as illustrated in Figure 6 [20].

Carbonization of oil waste, asphalt or bitumen for active carbon production in slurries could evaluate efficiently sorption Au in pulp was commonly gold extraction systems, they use AC in fine size and as slurries gold cyanide solutions passed through. Fine activated carbon or char is more advantageous than granule AC. Additionally, powder AC provided uniform carbon site distribution on solids and agitation slurries without contamination or active site blocking. Additionally, less energy is required for milling of carbon considering the oily structure. It is a fact that pyrolysis of oil could become at low temperature carbonization blocking the active carbon sites even contaminated carbon pores when the condensate is removed from the liquid phase through furnace. The oil gradient should be determined for a suitable char production used as sorbent.

### 2. Solid sorbent use in emission control

Alkali salts such as burned lime and hydrated lime, fluorite and calcium borates, limestone, and fly ash could be used in desulfurization in coal combustion. Marble wastes, coal, and wood char produced in two different forms in size may be also evaluated as sorbent in postcombustion. One type of sorbent, carbonized wood char is in lump size and can easily be evaluated in carbon industry and other fine size may be evaluated as filling materials in paint, rubber, and plastic as fire barrier mixed at fine size under 5 microns, which are collected following solid-liquid separation and milling. Char as carbonized from coal and coal waste in finer size may deteriorate nearby environment and may be used in water treatment and avoid contamination in industrial waste streams. Beneficiating from char waste in toxic gas emission control during combustion can efficiently be made possible. However, fluidized combustion is carried out below 7 mm solid fuel combustion. Fine matters below 100 microns may deteriorate flow manner, so to avoid this disturbing flow manner of that fine char waste material, clayish char pellets were used in combustion chamber. Fine char wastes may also be evaluated with lime as sorbent raw material. The coal fly ash and Şırnak asphaltite fine could manage remediation of soil as sorbent utility without carbonation and neutralizing humate material as waste [23]. The black carbon used in industrial sectors such as rubber, paper, and animal food production may evaluate as much as 40% marble waste fine coal char and fly ash. The fly ash of Silopi Power Plant combusting Şırnak asphaltite fine containing Ca ferrite and alkali ferrite pellets could be used as sorbent in postcombustion. In this study, TGA experiments with 1–2 mm sized ash ferrite pellets of Silopi Power Plant were evaluated and compared with char.

Microwave activity and chemical activity in postcombustion were found to be effective in desulphurization of flue gas and soot occurrence. Microwave activation of fly ash with Ca ferrite and metallic slag was much efficient in humidified exhaust gas reactions. Fine chemical washing during microwave absorption columns and heating may also be evaluated as active site formation at raw material without destroying chemical form for industrial sectors such as active chemical reactivity.

for soot formation needs lack of oxygen combustion method. The process is higher than expected for either soot formation or carbon without oil alone. The carbon surface for pollutants protects them from shock loadings of toxic and inhibitory materials, such as carbon. High inert gas processes using catalyst carbon as carrier for iron film attachment are efficient to remove soot from ethylene. However, in catalytic systems, the gas attachment to surface is less efficient than that in iron film or in fluidized bed reactors using CO2 and pellets as iron film carrier [22].

Black carbon production system, purposed plant flowsheet from waste oil and pyrolysis oil and natural gas [17].

Waste carbon production system proposed for waste pyrolysis purposed furnace unit.

Figure 5.

Sorption in 2020s

Figure 6.

66
