**3.3 Operational procedure to manage the remote sensing sensors images in disasters events**

In each disaster event or hazard situations, the demand levels and uses of the remote sensing sensors images increase exponentially, since a large number of institutions, public or private, are responsible to coordinate all the activities' necessaries for management of different disaster events, requiring a wide variety of images with features and specifications necessaries for assessing in a reliable and expeditious way the damages caused by one or more disaster events, with the aim to identify and categorize the potentials vulnerabilities or hazards that may be present in the disaster relief phase or in other disaster management stages. It is well known that each disaster event has its own characteristics; for such reason during the disaster management, different types of images with details or features in specific of the zones affected by disasters are required in order to evaluate and have a well understanding of the phenomenon produced, and so, this way formulates the more suitable strategies to carry out the disaster management tasks according to the scenarios presented. In essence, the accessibility to different images levels or products from the remote sensing sensors is a significant resource in the various stages of disaster management. Currently, the remote sensing satellites and their ground segments have the capability to provide a variety of images levels or products fundamental to manage disasters events in the phases of preparedness, assessment, and mitigation. However, in **Table 4** regarding the Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and the Remote Sensing Satellite-2 selected to be integrated into the emergency communications network developed in this chapter, the products and the general characteristics of the images captured and processed in the ground segments of these satellites platforms are specified. Essential images products need to be managed by taking into consideration the specifics of operational requirements involved in each disaster events.

Also in all the activities executed along the disaster management, the response time to the different hazard scenarios is the paramount element to optimize the actions that will be adopted during the disaster events management. In this sense, the remote sensing sensors' images products provide the necessary information to give a quick response to an extensive variety of disaster events, and even to their consequences by


**203**

**Figure 9.**

*Emergency Communications Network for Disaster Management*

means of the analysis and assessment of the factors tied to the phenomena occurred and recreated in the images captured through the remote sensing sensors using different spatial and spectral resolutions; taking into consideration, every sort of disaster has its own physical characteristics or particularities that require be evaluated through the analysis of images whose properties describe the details related to a particular disaster event or natural phenomena under study. As described in **Table 4**, the Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 typical raw data are treatment and processing using the software applications and methods available in the ground station of both platforms to obtain images products by levels. A process is carried out with the aim to reduce the radiometric and geometric errors in the images obtained and also to create images with the necessaries information to evaluate and understand the differ-

*Remote sensing sensors model to images management and processing at ground segment level in emergency scenarios.*

In specific, the radiometric correction in the remote sensing satellite images processing consists in removing from the images captured by the sensors all the errors effects created by the sun incidence angles and then added to the images from different atmospheric factors during their capturing; whereas the images geometric correction is a process that has the objective to remove from the images the geometric distortion errors, through the relation established between the images coordinate system and the geographic coordinate system used as reference. This correction is achieved using the sensor calibration data, the position and attitude measured data of the satellite in orbit, the terrain control points and the information about the atmospheric conditions that may affect the images captured. In consequence, due to the notable value of the remote sensing sensors images products in the disaster management, images with particular characteristics and suitable to analyze diverse type of disasters and even to support in the decision-making during the disasters management, there is the necessity to implement fast and accurate systematic processes for management of the sensor's images products at the ground segment in disaster scenarios. Hence, a systematic model is proposed in **Figure 9** for managing and processing the remote sensing satellites images at the ground segment in emergency response; considering the Remote Sensing

Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 ground segment infrastructures.

**3.4 Communications satellites transponders and radio frequencies characterization for emergency services in disaster events**

Due to the dizzying evolution of space technology, nowadays there are communications satellites with different payload characteristics and communication capacities and also ground stations, teleports, and hardware for communications

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85872*

ent disaster events based on their characteristics.

#### **Table 4.**

*Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 images products specifications.*

*Emergency Communications Network for Disaster Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85872*

**Figure 9.**

*Natural Hazards - Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience*

**disasters events**

based on the design of a library with the known spectral signatures of the targets previously studied or analyzed. In **Table 3**, an overview of the applications of remote sensing sensors' potential spectral resolutions in the multispectral (MS) band and infrared (IR) band is provided, taking into consideration diverse disaster scenarios.

**3.3 Operational procedure to manage the remote sensing sensors images in** 

sensing sensors images increase exponentially, since a large number of institutions, public or private, are responsible to coordinate all the activities' necessaries for management of different disaster events, requiring a wide variety of images with features and specifications necessaries for assessing in a reliable and expeditious way the damages caused by one or more disaster events, with the aim to identify and categorize the potentials vulnerabilities or hazards that may be present in the disaster relief phase or in other disaster management stages. It is well known that each disaster event has its own characteristics; for such reason during the disaster management, different types of images with details or features in specific of the zones affected by disasters are required in order to evaluate and have a well understanding of the phenomenon produced, and so, this way formulates the more suitable strategies to carry out the disaster management tasks according to the scenarios presented. In essence, the accessibility to different images levels or products from the remote sensing sensors is a significant resource in the various stages of disaster management. Currently, the remote sensing satellites and their ground segments have the capability to provide a variety of images levels or products fundamental to manage disasters events in the phases of preparedness, assessment, and mitigation. However, in **Table 4** regarding the Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and the Remote Sensing Satellite-2 selected to be integrated into the emergency communications network developed in this chapter, the products and the general characteristics of the images captured and processed in the ground segments of these satellites platforms are specified. Essential images products need to be managed by taking into consideration the specifics of operational requirements involved in each disaster events.

In each disaster event or hazard situations, the demand levels and uses of the remote

**Products levels Images products specifications**

and software packet

Also in all the activities executed along the disaster management, the response time

to the different hazard scenarios is the paramount element to optimize the actions that will be adopted during the disaster events management. In this sense, the remote sensing sensors' images products provide the necessary information to give a quick response to an extensive variety of disaster events, and even to their consequences by

(GCP)

*Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 images products specifications.*

Synchronized data frame, compatible with computerized data protocols

Matrix of data radiometrically corrected, without geometric correction

Data with radiometric and geometric correction using systematic models,

Radiometric and geometric correction using terrestrial control points

Data with radiometric and geometric correction using terrestrial control points and digital elevation terrestrial models in order to remove the terrain displacement effects, produced by the relief deformations

without the use of terrestrial control points (GCP)

Level 0: Data set in series or

Level 1: Products with radiometric correction

Level 2: Products with systematized geometric

Level 3: Products with precise geometric correction

Level 4: Products corrected through digital elevation terrestrial models

rows

correction

**202**

**Table 4.**

*Remote sensing sensors model to images management and processing at ground segment level in emergency scenarios.*

means of the analysis and assessment of the factors tied to the phenomena occurred and recreated in the images captured through the remote sensing sensors using different spatial and spectral resolutions; taking into consideration, every sort of disaster has its own physical characteristics or particularities that require be evaluated through the analysis of images whose properties describe the details related to a particular disaster event or natural phenomena under study. As described in **Table 4**, the Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 typical raw data are treatment and processing using the software applications and methods available in the ground station of both platforms to obtain images products by levels. A process is carried out with the aim to reduce the radiometric and geometric errors in the images obtained and also to create images with the necessaries information to evaluate and understand the different disaster events based on their characteristics.

In specific, the radiometric correction in the remote sensing satellite images processing consists in removing from the images captured by the sensors all the errors effects created by the sun incidence angles and then added to the images from different atmospheric factors during their capturing; whereas the images geometric correction is a process that has the objective to remove from the images the geometric distortion errors, through the relation established between the images coordinate system and the geographic coordinate system used as reference. This correction is achieved using the sensor calibration data, the position and attitude measured data of the satellite in orbit, the terrain control points and the information about the atmospheric conditions that may affect the images captured. In consequence, due to the notable value of the remote sensing sensors images products in the disaster management, images with particular characteristics and suitable to analyze diverse type of disasters and even to support in the decision-making during the disasters management, there is the necessity to implement fast and accurate systematic processes for management of the sensor's images products at the ground segment in disaster scenarios. Hence, a systematic model is proposed in **Figure 9** for managing and processing the remote sensing satellites images at the ground segment in emergency response; considering the Remote Sensing Satellite-1 and Remote Sensing Satellite-2 ground segment infrastructures.

### **3.4 Communications satellites transponders and radio frequencies characterization for emergency services in disaster events**

Due to the dizzying evolution of space technology, nowadays there are communications satellites with different payload characteristics and communication capacities and also ground stations, teleports, and hardware for communications with a large variety of operation characteristics; whereby in disaster management, the analysis and characterization of the communications satellites payload and their capacities are crucial at the time to plan the communications services required in each disaster phase, and even it is an operational procedure necessary to recover the terrestrial communication services when their infrastructures are affected by the disaster events. In the same way, the communications satellites payload analysis provides the essential information to implement services and design communications links reliable and adjusted to the scenarios demanded in all the disaster management cycle. In the satellite communications field, there are a number of radio frequencies ranges used for communications links, such as C-band, X-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, and Q/V-band, each of them having their own propagation characteristics in the space, which makes one frequency more or less vulnerable with respect to other one when they propagate through the free space and are affected by diverse phenomena that take place at the earth atmosphere.

Generally, the most used frequencies bands in commercial communication satellites are the C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. Equally, many are the services and applications that can be implemented using the aforementioned frequencies bands. From this point of view, in this chapter, the transponders and radio frequencies characterization for emergency services in disasters is focused directly in the C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band communications payload, with the objective to define the adequate use of these frequencies bands, at the time to implement technologies solutions in disasters scenarios.

However, with the purpose to describe in practical way the transponders and radio frequencies characterization methodology to implement useful and reliable emergency communications services in disasters, the communications payload of the satellite platform Satnet-3 is selected; communications satellite proposed to operate in the emergency communications network, designed with ben-pipe transponders technology type, is also known as transparent payload, and mainly integrated for the next devices: sixteen (16) transponders in C-band with 36 MHz of bandwidth and uplink frequency range from 6050 to 6350 MHz and downlink frequency range from 3825 to 4125 MHz. Fourteen (14) Ku-band transponders with 54 MHz of bandwidth and an uplink frequency range from 14,080 to 14,500 MHz and downlink frequency range from 11,280 to 11700 MHz. Three (03) Ka-band transponders with 120 MHz of bandwidth and frequency range for the uplink from 28,800 to 29,100 MHz and frequency range for the downlink from 19,000 to 19,300 MHz, one (01) antenna in C-band, one (01) antenna in Ku-band for the north beam and one (01) antenna in Ku-band for the south beam, likewise one (01) antenna in Ka-band [13].

Fundamentally, the Satnet-3 payload operates in three (03) frequencies ranges or bands, such as C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. Each of these bands is located inside the microwave spectrum frequencies range; electromagnetic waves sensitive to multiple attenuations factors when they propagate through free space are affected by the moisture of the atmosphere and others atmospheric conditions. For instance, for frequencies above 10 GHz, phenomena as rain, clouds, fogs, and diverse particles in the space have an important impact on their propagation and attenuation. In this regard, considering the communications satellite Satnet-3, as well as its payload operation frequency bands, and the phenomena or atmospheric factors that can affect the propagation of these frequency bands in the free space due to the attenuation caused by the phenomena that take place in troposphere, the characterization of the Satnet-3 frequencies spectrum is carried out, and illustrated in **Table 5**, their potential applications in order to implement communications links and emergency services reliable in diverse disasters scenarios or hazard existing.

**205**

**Table 5.**

*Emergency Communications Network for Disaster Management*

C-band Earthquakes, Landslide, Volcanic eruptions,

Deforestation

Ku-band Earthquake, Landslide, Volcanic eruptions,

Ka-band Earthquake, Landslide, Volcanic eruptions,

Characterization takes into account the following technical aspects: for C-band frequencies spectrum used for Sanet-3 from 6050 to 6350 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 3825 to 4125 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rain around 16 mm/h, the signal attenuation is 0.03 dB/km, in moderate rain close to 4 mm/h, the C-band signals attenuation is nearly to zero, and the attenuation due to clouds and fog is very low. In the same way, for Ku-band Sanet-3 frequencies from 14,080 to 14,500 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 11,280 to 11,700 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rainfall around 150 mm/h, the signal attenuation is approximately 5 dB/km and in moderate rainfall, it is close to 0.5 dB/km. Equally for Ka-band from 28,800 to 29,100 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 19,000 to 19,300 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rainfall around 150 mm/h, the signal attenuation is just about 14.5 dB/km and in moderate rain, the signal attenuation is near to 0.9 dB/km; for both Ku and Ka-band,

**Frequency band Potential uses in disaster events Frequency vulnerability**

This rage of frequency works properly without significant perturbation in adverse atmospheric conditions

Frequency range that cannot be used in adverse atmospheric

Frequency range that cannot be used in adverse atmospheric

conditions

conditions

Subsidence of earth, Storms, Tornado, Hurricane, Wildfires, Typhoons, Tsunami, Floods, Coastal Erosion, Desertification, and

Subsidence of earth and Wildfires

Subsidence of earth and Wildfires

*Satnet-3 frequencies bands characterization for emergency services implementation in disasters.*

As result, in **Table 5**, it is noticed that the Satnet-3 C-band payload and radio frequencies offer more reliability, taking into account their less vulnerability against adverse atmospheric conditions in case of disasters, while the Ku and Ka frequencies bands are more vulnerable to the unfavorable atmospheric conditions, limiting

The space information products and services are essential to build strong and effective response mechanisms that enhance the media and tools required for emergency response in disasters. Moreover, information technology and different communications services are the backbone in all the phases of the disaster management, due to the wide variety of data from diverse sources that must be gathered, organized, and displayed logically for decision-making in events of disasters. From this perspective, the space technology and in specific the communications satellites inside the emergency communication network play an important role, because they have the function of handling all the communications traffic and also provide the technology solutions in reference to the communications services required in the

In the same way, the communications satellites in combination with the remote sensing satellites in the emergency network have the ability to transmit and receive different types of images in function to the technologies solutions implemented. For such aim, the communications satellites teleport and also their associated infrastructures must meet different technical specifications to cover the

the signals attenuation per clouds and fog must not be neglected [14].

**3.5 Technology solutions formulation for disasters management**

the use of them only to specific disaster situations.

areas affected by one or more events of disaster**.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85872*


#### **Table 5.**

*Natural Hazards - Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience*

that take place at the earth atmosphere.

technologies solutions in disasters scenarios.

one (01) antenna in Ka-band [13].

narios or hazard existing.

with a large variety of operation characteristics; whereby in disaster management, the analysis and characterization of the communications satellites payload and their capacities are crucial at the time to plan the communications services required in each disaster phase, and even it is an operational procedure necessary to recover the terrestrial communication services when their infrastructures are affected by the disaster events. In the same way, the communications satellites payload analysis provides the essential information to implement services and design communications links reliable and adjusted to the scenarios demanded in all the disaster management cycle. In the satellite communications field, there are a number of radio frequencies ranges used for communications links, such as C-band, X-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, and Q/V-band, each of them having their own propagation characteristics in the space, which makes one frequency more or less vulnerable with respect to other one when they propagate through the free space and are affected by diverse phenomena

Generally, the most used frequencies bands in commercial communication satellites are the C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. Equally, many are the services and applications that can be implemented using the aforementioned frequencies bands. From this point of view, in this chapter, the transponders and radio frequencies characterization for emergency services in disasters is focused directly in the C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band communications payload, with the objective to define the adequate use of these frequencies bands, at the time to implement

However, with the purpose to describe in practical way the transponders and radio frequencies characterization methodology to implement useful and reliable emergency communications services in disasters, the communications payload of the satellite platform Satnet-3 is selected; communications satellite proposed to operate in the emergency communications network, designed with ben-pipe transponders technology type, is also known as transparent payload, and mainly integrated for the next devices: sixteen (16) transponders in C-band with 36 MHz of bandwidth and uplink frequency range from 6050 to 6350 MHz and downlink frequency range from 3825 to 4125 MHz. Fourteen (14) Ku-band transponders with 54 MHz of bandwidth and an uplink frequency range from 14,080 to

14,500 MHz and downlink frequency range from 11,280 to 11700 MHz. Three (03) Ka-band transponders with 120 MHz of bandwidth and frequency range for the uplink from 28,800 to 29,100 MHz and frequency range for the downlink from 19,000 to 19,300 MHz, one (01) antenna in C-band, one (01) antenna in Ku-band for the north beam and one (01) antenna in Ku-band for the south beam, likewise

Fundamentally, the Satnet-3 payload operates in three (03) frequencies ranges or bands, such as C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. Each of these bands is located inside the microwave spectrum frequencies range; electromagnetic waves sensitive to multiple attenuations factors when they propagate through free space are affected by the moisture of the atmosphere and others atmospheric conditions. For instance, for frequencies above 10 GHz, phenomena as rain, clouds, fogs, and diverse particles in the space have an important impact on their propagation and attenuation. In this regard, considering the communications satellite Satnet-3, as well as its payload operation frequency bands, and the phenomena or atmospheric factors that can affect the propagation of these frequency bands in the free space due to the attenuation caused by the phenomena that take place in troposphere, the characterization of the Satnet-3 frequencies spectrum is carried out, and illustrated in **Table 5**, their potential applications in order to implement communications links and emergency services reliable in diverse disasters sce-

**204**

*Satnet-3 frequencies bands characterization for emergency services implementation in disasters.*

Characterization takes into account the following technical aspects: for C-band frequencies spectrum used for Sanet-3 from 6050 to 6350 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 3825 to 4125 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rain around 16 mm/h, the signal attenuation is 0.03 dB/km, in moderate rain close to 4 mm/h, the C-band signals attenuation is nearly to zero, and the attenuation due to clouds and fog is very low. In the same way, for Ku-band Sanet-3 frequencies from 14,080 to 14,500 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 11,280 to 11,700 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rainfall around 150 mm/h, the signal attenuation is approximately 5 dB/km and in moderate rainfall, it is close to 0.5 dB/km. Equally for Ka-band from 28,800 to 29,100 MHz (uplink frequencies) and from 19,000 to 19,300 MHz (downlink frequencies), in heavy rainfall around 150 mm/h, the signal attenuation is just about 14.5 dB/km and in moderate rain, the signal attenuation is near to 0.9 dB/km; for both Ku and Ka-band, the signals attenuation per clouds and fog must not be neglected [14].

As result, in **Table 5**, it is noticed that the Satnet-3 C-band payload and radio frequencies offer more reliability, taking into account their less vulnerability against adverse atmospheric conditions in case of disasters, while the Ku and Ka frequencies bands are more vulnerable to the unfavorable atmospheric conditions, limiting the use of them only to specific disaster situations.

#### **3.5 Technology solutions formulation for disasters management**

The space information products and services are essential to build strong and effective response mechanisms that enhance the media and tools required for emergency response in disasters. Moreover, information technology and different communications services are the backbone in all the phases of the disaster management, due to the wide variety of data from diverse sources that must be gathered, organized, and displayed logically for decision-making in events of disasters. From this perspective, the space technology and in specific the communications satellites inside the emergency communication network play an important role, because they have the function of handling all the communications traffic and also provide the technology solutions in reference to the communications services required in the areas affected by one or more events of disaster**.**

In the same way, the communications satellites in combination with the remote sensing satellites in the emergency network have the ability to transmit and receive different types of images in function to the technologies solutions implemented. For such aim, the communications satellites teleport and also their associated infrastructures must meet different technical specifications to cover the communications services requirements and the technology solutions operation specifications required for emergency response. It becomes important to point out that the technology solutions implementation process in disasters is based on the analysis of diverse aspects; some of them are mentioned as follow: disaster scenario determination, disaster classification and magnitude determination, space technology resources availability identification, communications satellites and remote sensing satellites operation technical specifications analysis, analysis of the demand for information and communication services, data flow analysis, terrestrial communications networks assessment and critical emergency communications network planning, among others, related with the characteristics of each disaster type.

However, the satellite link budget software Satmaster is the tool used in the emergency communications network to design the communications links and implement the services required in disaster. This software is widely used for satellite service providers to carry out the satellites links budget calculation since it is supported for specific communications standards and atmospheric models used to calculate the communications links budget, considering the services requirements and hardware specifications that had been defined to implement different technology solutions of services.

On the other hand, to exemplify the technology solutions implementation methodology in the emergency communications network, the communications satellite Satnet-3 and its teleport is regarded and selected to be integrated in the emergency communications network, both with the ability to support the implementation of different technology solutions to satisfy the diverse communications services required in the areas affected by disasters. The Satnet-3 teleport counts with satellite HUBs to provide a large variety of services, also with various communications infrastructure resources and connection to the national communication terrestrial network, among other capacities for communications services.

In consequence, as example, various communications services solutions that can be implemented through the Satnet-3 platform and its teleport infrastructure, integrated to the emergency communications network for disaster management, are described as follows: broadband satellite internet services, remote access for video conference services, radio and TV broadcasting services by satellite, dynamic databases to manage and store human or material losses due to disasters, remote access for video camera connections, cellular phone services over satellite, facilities with the technology required at the disaster site to manage hazard events or download and processing images, infrastructures for cloud computers and physical networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, command and control center for land surveillance or assessment, technology platforms for exchange and images processing

**207**

of the aforementioned service.

**management**

*Emergency Communications Network for Disaster Management*

**Cellular backhaul-SCPC teleport site to radio base station in remote site (outbound link)**

Transponder (TP): Ku-1A Teleport EIRP: 68.41 dBW Carrier type: digital modulation Teleport SFD: −95.55 dBW/m2 Teleport antenna TX gain: 63.90 dBi Carrier Modulation: QPSK Teleport antenna RX gain: 62.18 dBi Carrier Bandwidth: 1.9575 MHz Uplink frequency: 14167.60 MHz TP Carrier Occupied BW: 1.9800 MHz Downlink frequency: 11367.60 MHz TP Carrier Downlink EIRP: 22.58 dBW

Carrier polarization: horizontal/vertical Carrier to Noise: 17.52 dB

**Cellular backhaul SCPC radio base station in remote site to teleport site (inbound link)**

Transponder (TP): Ku-1A Remote site EIRP: 51.47 dBW Carrier type: digital modulation Remote site SFD: −111.64 dBW/m2 Remote site antenna TX gain: 47.2 dBi Carrier modulation: QPSK Remote site antenna RX gain: 44.5 dBi Carrier bandwidth: 1.9575 MHz Uplink frequency: 14166.37 MHz TP carrier occupied BW: 1.9800 MHz Downlink frequency: 11366.37 MHz TP carrier downlink EIRP: 21.56 dBW

Carrier polarization: horizontal/vertical Carrier to noise: 16.95 dB

Remote site HPA power required: 4.27 dBW Eb/N0: 4.9 dB

Teleport HPA power required: 4.51 dBW Eb/N0: 5.4 dB

at different levels, star or mesh topologies for very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks, among other technology resources, useful in the disaster management field. In this sense, the general architecture of a cellular backhaul single channel per carrier (SCPC) implemented over satellite in case of emergency is shown in **Figure 10**,

Likewise, considering **Figure 10**, which describes the architecture of a cellular backhaul by satellite in star topology, using the software Satmaster (tool for communications links design), the link budget calculation for the single channel per carrier (SCPC) service correspondent to the implantation of a cellular backhaul was carried out, using the Satnet-3 Ku band transponders and its teleport, for disaster events that demand this type of services. **Tables 6** and **7** present the results obtained through the Satmaster communications tool for the uplink and downlink

utilizing the communications satellite Satnet-3 and its teleport.

**3.6 Emergency communications network topology for disaster events** 

After the formulation and analysis of diverse operational strategies with the aim to optimize the processes necessary to integrate the communications satellites platforms and remote sensing satellites platforms and their ground stations inside

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85872*

Uplink and downlink operation parameters

*Cellular backhaul-SCPC outbound link budget.*

Uplink and downlink operation parameters

*Cellular backhaul-SCPC inbound link budget.*

**Table 6.**

**Table 7.**

**Figure 10.** *Technology solutions for disasters management cellular backhaul-SCPC over satellite.*


## **Table 6.**

*Natural Hazards - Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience*

communications services requirements and the technology solutions operation specifications required for emergency response. It becomes important to point out that the technology solutions implementation process in disasters is based on the analysis of diverse aspects; some of them are mentioned as follow: disaster scenario determination, disaster classification and magnitude determination, space technology resources availability identification, communications satellites and remote sensing satellites operation technical specifications analysis, analysis of the demand for information and communication services, data flow analysis, terrestrial communications networks assessment and critical emergency communications network planning, among others, related with the characteristics of each disaster type. However, the satellite link budget software Satmaster is the tool used in the emergency communications network to design the communications links and implement the services required in disaster. This software is widely used for satellite service providers to carry out the satellites links budget calculation since it is supported for specific communications standards and atmospheric models used to calculate the communications links budget, considering the services requirements and hardware specifications that

had been defined to implement different technology solutions of services.

network, among other capacities for communications services.

*Technology solutions for disasters management cellular backhaul-SCPC over satellite.*

On the other hand, to exemplify the technology solutions implementation methodology in the emergency communications network, the communications satellite Satnet-3 and its teleport is regarded and selected to be integrated in the emergency communications network, both with the ability to support the implementation of different technology solutions to satisfy the diverse communications services required in the areas affected by disasters. The Satnet-3 teleport counts with satellite HUBs to provide a large variety of services, also with various communications infrastructure resources and connection to the national communication terrestrial

In consequence, as example, various communications services solutions that can be implemented through the Satnet-3 platform and its teleport infrastructure, integrated to the emergency communications network for disaster management, are described as follows: broadband satellite internet services, remote access for video conference services, radio and TV broadcasting services by satellite, dynamic databases to manage and store human or material losses due to disasters, remote access for video camera connections, cellular phone services over satellite, facilities with the technology required at the disaster site to manage hazard events or download and processing images, infrastructures for cloud computers and physical networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, command and control center for land surveillance or assessment, technology platforms for exchange and images processing

**206**

**Figure 10.**

*Cellular backhaul-SCPC outbound link budget.*


**Table 7.**

*Cellular backhaul-SCPC inbound link budget.*

at different levels, star or mesh topologies for very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks, among other technology resources, useful in the disaster management field. In this sense, the general architecture of a cellular backhaul single channel per carrier (SCPC) implemented over satellite in case of emergency is shown in **Figure 10**, utilizing the communications satellite Satnet-3 and its teleport.

Likewise, considering **Figure 10**, which describes the architecture of a cellular backhaul by satellite in star topology, using the software Satmaster (tool for communications links design), the link budget calculation for the single channel per carrier (SCPC) service correspondent to the implantation of a cellular backhaul was carried out, using the Satnet-3 Ku band transponders and its teleport, for disaster events that demand this type of services. **Tables 6** and **7** present the results obtained through the Satmaster communications tool for the uplink and downlink of the aforementioned service.
