**4.3 Free radical cause lipid peroxidation**

Abnormalities in levels of antioxidants like GSH are associated to accumulation of lipid peroxidation in chronic heart failure [81]. Increased formation of lipid peroxides and aldehydes has been observed in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion, and heart failure [82]. Atherosclerosis, the hardening of arteries under oxidative stress is related to oxidative changes of low density lipoproteins (LDL) which is an early prediction of development of cardiovascular disease [83]. The proinflammatory effects that result from the peroxidation of lipids, which provide critical structure and function in cellular membranes, are the main sites of pollutant attack in cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertension, and stroke [84].
