**4.5 Assessment of SOD activity in testicular and epididymal tissues of rats subjected to various treatments**

As shown in **Table 1**, no significant differences were observed in the activity of testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) across all treatment groups. However, in the epididymal tissue, the SOD activity was significantly reduced in the diabetic (D) group when compared to the N group (0.042 ± 0.007 μmol/mg, p < 0.05 versus 0.556 ± 0.007 μmol/mg, p < 0.05). On the other hand, separate treatments of diabetic rats with KV and insulin increased SOD activity in epididymal tissue compared to untreated diabetic rats. The effects of KV on the activity of SOD in the epididymis are comparable to that of the standard drug, insulin.
