**Author details**

*Antioxidants*

Case-control

Cohort

**Table 4.**

Meta-analysis

**Method Name of author(s) Year of** 

Deneo-Pellegrini et al. [126]

*Showing studies on the effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer.*

**study**

Bidoli et al. [124] 2009 Diet OR = 0.86 0.65–1.08 14% McCann et al. [66] 2005 Diet OR = 0.49 0.33–0.74 51%

Vance et al. [127] 2016 Sup. OR = 0.31 0.15–0.67 69% Parent et al. [129] 2018 Diet OR = 0.95 0.77–1.18 5%

Gaziano et al. [128] 2009 Sup. HR = 1.02 0.90–1.15 2% Wang et al. [14] 2014 Sup. OR = 1.03 0.93–1.15 2%

Bai et al. [125] 2015 Sup. RR = 0.91 0.84–0.98 9% Jiang et al. [130] 2010 Sup. RR = 0.98 0.91–1.06 2%

1999 Diet OR = 0.40 0.0.20–

**Sample Risk 95% CI P.R.E** 

0.80

**outcome**

60%

incidence [130] (**Table 4**).

tal use of vitamin C [121, 131].

**8. Conclusion**

**Nothing to disclose**

content of this chapter.

of vitamin C on the risk of prostate cancer.

levels influence the risk of prostate cancer.

no effect on prostate cancer (HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.90–1.15; P = 0.80), a finding that remained even after stratification by various cancer risk factors [128]. Further, a systematic review of nine randomized controlled trials found no significant effects of vitamin C supplementation (RR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.91–1.06) on prostate cancer

*RR = relative risk, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, P.R.E = percentage relative effect, Sup. = supplement.*

Studies involving the use of supplements might favor results that are bias as the period of use may be relatively short term, associated health problems in persons who use vitamin C supplements, and the different biological activity or absorption contributing to the possibly different effects of dietary compared with supplemen-

The studies cited above on vitamin C and prostate cancer risk provide inconclusive evidence. While some case-control studies demonstrate a protective effect, randomized trials and meta-analysis fail to clearly demonstrate any beneficial effect

The effect of dietary and supplemental antioxidants on risk of prostate cancer remains undecided and inconclusive. More epidemiological and human clinical trials as well as animal studies are needed to give an improved understanding on the biology of prostate cancer and how antioxidants at supranutritional and nutritional

The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose regarding the

**232**

Dwayne Tucker1 , Melisa Anderson1 , Fabian Miller2,3, Kurt Vaz1 , Lennox Anderson-Jackson1 and Donovan McGrowder1 \*

1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies

2 Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science and Technology, The Mico University College, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies

3 Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies

\*Address all correspondence to: dmcgrowd@yahoo.com; donovan.mcgrowder@uwimona.edu.jm

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
