**3.5 Correlations in no-DM patients**

When including the results according to status in No-DM patients, there was a positive correlation between 8-IP with hemoglobin, between NO with triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, between SOD with creatinine and phosphorus, and between TAC with phosphorus and uric acid. There was negative correlation between LPO and body weight, NO and HDL cholesterol, SOD with residual diuresis, hemoglobin, triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol (**Table 4**).

*Antioxidants*

**3.2 Oxidants**

**Figure 1**).

**3.3 Antioxidants**

**Antioxidants**

Total antioxidant capacity, mM

**Oxidants** 8-Isoprostane, pg/mL

Nitric oxide, μM

*Mann-Whitney U test.*

glucose concentration used in the dialysis solutions, but DM patients were less likely to be on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) modality (*p* = 0.016), and the median dwell time was 16 h (QR 16–24). There were no differences in the D/P creatinine or the history of peritonitis between patients. The median residual diuresis was 500 mL/day (250–1000), and there were no difference in the volume of urine or the number of patients with significant residual diuresis. The peritoneal ultrafiltration and the total ultrafiltration were similar in both DM and No-DM patients (*p* = 0.54

The levels of LPO (MDA and 4-hydroxy-alkenals) in the healthy controls were 3.05 ± 0.18 μM. However, LPO levels were found to be increased in DM patients, 136.95 ± 18.17 μM (*p* < 0.0001), and 194.18 ± 54.70 μM (*p* < 0.0001) in No-DM patients. No significant difference was found between patients with and without DM.

5.36 ± 0.80 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001) and No-DM 9.99 ± 6.41 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001) versus the levels that were obtained in healthy controls, 22.88 ± 3.80 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001). No significant difference was found between patients with and without DM. The levels of the NO products (nitrites/nitrates) in healthy controls were 197.97 ± 34.20 μM. The products of NO in DM patients were found to be decreased, 18.02 ± 3.41 μM (*p* < 0.0001), and No-DM, 12.96 ± 2.78 μM (*p* < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between patients with and without DM (**Table 2** and

An increase in the serum activity of SOD was found in patients in PD with DM, 3.36 ± 0.28 U/mL, and No-DM, 3.28 ± 0.22 U/mL (*p* < 0.0001), versus the activity

SOD, U/mL 0.23 ± 0.015 3.28 ± 0.22 **<0.0001** 3.36 ± 0.28 **<0.0001**

LPO, μM 3.05 ± 0.18 194.18 ± 54.70 **<0.0001** 136.95 ± 18.17 **<0.0001**

*SOD, superoxide dismutase; LPO, lipoperoxides; No-DM, without diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; MW-U,* 

*Antioxidants and oxidants with and without diabetes mellitus vs. healthy controls.*

**Healthy control No-DM** *p***, MW-U DM** *p***, MW-U**

2.62 ± 0.17 0.69 ± 0.23 **<0.0001** 0.65 ± 0.031 **<0.0001**

22.88 ± 3.80 9.99 ± 6.41 **<0.0001** 5.36 ± 0.80 **<0.0001**

197.97 ± 34.20 12.96 ± 2.78 **<0.0001** 18.02 ± 3.41 **<0.0001**

and 0.72, respectively) and were within guidelines and recommendations.

The serum levels of 8-IP in DM patients were found to be decreased

*3.2.1 Lipoperoxides, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-IP), and nitric oxide*

*3.3.1 Superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity*

**340**

**Table 2.**

### *Antioxidants*


*\*p < 0.05, \*\*p < 0.01.*

*DM, diabetes mellitus; No-DM, without DM; BMI, body mass index; TSAT, transferrin saturation; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HCO3, bicarbonate; RCP, reactive C protein; LPO, lipoperoxides; 8-IP, 8-isoprostanes; NO, nitric oxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Correlation between demographic, biochemical, and oxidative stress markers.*

#### **3.6 Correlations in DM patients**

In patients with DM, positive correlation was found between LPO, calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides; between 8-IP with calcium and RCP; between NO and VLDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides; between SOD with creatinine, magnesium, and HDL cholesterol; and between TAC with urea, uric acid, VLDL cholesterol, and PCR. There was only a negative correlation between SOD with triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol and also between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol (**Table 4**).

**343**

*Increase of Oxidants and Antioxidant Consumption in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes…*

**<sup>2</sup> LPO 8-IP NO SOD TAC**

Weight **−0.34\*** 0.07 0.15 0.041 0.03 Height −0.22 0.01 0.28 0.043 0.06 BMI −0.26 0.06 0.03 0.005 0.01 Residual urine 0.06 0.20 0.08 **−0.38\*** −0.05 Hemoglobin −0.09 **0.32\*** 0.25 **−0.49\*\*** −0.04 Urea −0.16 0.02 −0.26 0.22 0.28 Creatinine −0.15 −0.16 0.04 **0.50\*\*** 0.28 Glucose −0.07 −0.06 0.13 0.19 0.10 Phosphorus −0.10 −0.21 −0.27 **0.30\* 0.46\*\*** Calcium −0.13 0.06 −0.02 −0.18 −0.09 Magnesium −0.004 0.04 0.08 0.24 −0.10 Potassium −0.03 0.29 −0.13 0.22 0.23 Sodium 0.03 0.02 0.08 −0.02 −0.07 Albumin 0.08 0.18 0.27 −0.24 0.05 Uric acid −0.02 0.05 0.10 −0.17 **0.51\*\*** Iron −0.08 −0.15 −0.02 −0.08 0.22 TSAT −0.09 0.57 −0.06 −0.27 −0.16 Cholesterol 0.12 −0.05 −0.06 −0.07 −0.25 HDL 0.08 0.02 **−0.44\*\*** 0.19 −0.08 LDL 0.06 −0.01 0.17 −0.07 −0.04 Triglycerides 0.22 0.04 **0.46\*\* −0.53\*\*** −0.12 VLDL 0.21 0.05 **0.43\*\* −0.48\*\*** −0.11 HCO3 −0.06 −0.08 0.14 −0.05 0.41\* PCR −0.15 0.27 0.23 −0.11 −0.15

Weight 0.14 −0.05 −0.27 0.03 0.12 Height 0.05 −0.22 −0.21 −0.06 0.08 BMI 0.06 0.12 −0.15 0.10 0.05 Residual urine −0.16 −0.16 −0.02 −0.21 −0.14 Hemoglobin 0.28 −0.21 0.23 −0.25 −0.02 Urea 0.13 0.03 −0.03 −0.03 **0.36\*** Creatinine −0.09 0.09 −0.17 **0.39\*** 0.17 Glucose 0.23 −0.01 0.20 −0.05 0.27 Phosphorus 0.12 **0.45\*\*** −0.17 0.07 0.19 Calcium **0.39\*** 0.04 0.11 −0.23 0.14 Magnesium −0.07 0.34 −0.25 **0.35\*** 0.14 Potassium −0.19 0.05 −0.16 0.06 −0.09 Sodium 0.28 0.002 −0.06 −0.13 0.10 Albumin 0.26 −0.32 −0.02 0.07 0.13 Uric acid 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.04 **0.53\*\***

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82880*

*r*

**No-DM patients in PD**

**Diabetic patients in PD**


*Increase of Oxidants and Antioxidant Consumption in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82880*

*Antioxidants*

*r*

**342**

**3.6 Correlations in DM patients**

*Correlation between demographic, biochemical, and oxidative stress markers.*

*\*p < 0.05, \*\*p < 0.01.*

*antioxidant capacity.*

**Table 3.**

HDL cholesterol (**Table 4**).

In patients with DM, positive correlation was found between LPO, calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides; between 8-IP with calcium and RCP; between NO and VLDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides; between SOD with creatinine, magnesium, and HDL cholesterol; and between TAC with urea, uric acid, VLDL cholesterol, and PCR. There was only a negative correlation between SOD with triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol and also between total cholesterol and

*DM, diabetes mellitus; No-DM, without DM; BMI, body mass index; TSAT, transferrin saturation; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HCO3, bicarbonate; RCP, reactive C protein; LPO, lipoperoxides; 8-IP, 8-isoprostanes; NO, nitric oxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total* 

**<sup>2</sup> LPO 8-IP NO SOD TAC** Weight −0.12 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.03 Height −0.10 −0.13 −0.008 −0.01 0.12 BMI −0.05 0.15 0.04 0.08 −0.03 Residual urine −0.007 0.04 0.061 **−0.31\*\*** −0.09 Hemoglobin 0.07 0.09 **0.27\* −0.38\*\*** −0.05 Urea −0.05 −0.01 **−0.26\*** 0.08 **0.36\*\*** Creatinine −0.14 −0.14 −0.16 **0.31\*\* 0.23\*** Glucose 0.12 0.03 0.20 0.06 0.14 Phosphorus −0.05 0.05 **−0.31\*\*** 0.17 **0.35\*\*** Calcium 0.09 0.04 0.006 −0.21 0.03 Magnesium −0.08 0.14 −0.13 **0.27\*** 0.07 Potassium −0.10 0.13 −0.18 0.14 0.09 Sodium 0.16 −0.04 −0.01 −0.09 0.03 Albumin 0.06 −0.15 0.01 −0.08 0.15 Uric acid −0.04 0.03 0.05 −0.06 **0.52\*\*** Iron −0.05 −0.05 −0.02 −0.04 0.07 TSAT −0.19 0.42 −0.08 −0.14 −0.07 Cholesterol **0.26\*** 0.02 0.15 −0.16 −0.08 HDL −0.05 −0.01 **−0.44\*\* 0.29\*** −0.21 LDL **0.27\*** 0.007 **0.31\*** −0.14 0.06 Triglycerides **0.35\*\*** 0.04 **0.52\*\* −0.49\*\*** 0.04 VLDL **0.29\*** 0.07 **0.52\*\* −0.44\*\*** 0.08 HCO3 −0.07 −0.11 0.07 −0.03 0.03 RCP −0.12 **0.37\*\*** 0.17 −0.19 0.08


*\*p < 0.05, \*\*p < 0.01.*

*DM, diabetes mellitus; No-DM, without DM; BMI, body mass index; TSAT, transferrin saturation; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HCO3, bicarbonate; RCP, reactive C protein; LPO, lipoperoxides; 8-IP, 8-isoprostanes; NO, nitric oxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.*

#### **Table 4.**

*Correlation between demographic, bioquimical, and oxidative stress markers.*
