**5. Other causes of cancer**

*Antioxidants*

antioxidants.

**4. Polyphenols**

radicals (ROS).

that are formed.

modulation of apoptosis.

ment of brain disorders.

include cocoa, coffee, and tea.

development of cell reduction reactions.

acids, stilbenes, lignans, and other derivatives.

that stimulates the immune system and participates in the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Studies of this element indicate that it can prevent cancer by the chemoprotective action against oxidative stress. It is found in the form of selenite and selenate or as a conjugate derived from amino acids; the latter is beneficial for humans. It can be toxic at high doses causing the disease known as selenosis [51]. It is important in genetic engineering since the UGA termination codon serves as a codon for Se-cysteine and can be decoded by Se-cysteyl-tRNAs in herbs; so, this chemical element has specific biological functions. In **Table 2**, we show some

Polyphenols are substances derived from plants with good absorption properties and bioavailability and are bioactive. They are classified into flavonoids, phenolic

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diseases such as depression, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer are caused by genetic inheritance, environment, and socioeconomic factors as causal agents in the development of these diseases. Oxidative stress associated with certain diseases is part of epidemiological studies associated with a diet rich in antioxidants to reduce the effects caused by free

Antioxidants can be obtained from a diet rich in fruits and vegetables that

Studies related to polyphenols indicate beneficial effects on human health, since their consumption modifies absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism. Its antioxidant effect lies in the way of extracting plants and obtaining in some foods how potatoes improve microbial digestion in the colon due to the phenolic metabolites

The antioxidant effects of polyphenols in the diet are attributed to the enzymatic regulation that reduce free radicals and modulate the enzymatic process during the

Marmouzi et al. demonstrated that antioxidants form hybrids that prevent hyperglycemia via enzymatic modulation in phase II. The anticancer effect is also attributed to the signaling of cancer cells and to the progression of the cell cycle and

Derived polyphenols have antitumor effects in breast cancer with estrogenmediated receptor activity (ERc) and with receptor 2 or epidermal growth factor

Degenerative disorder with Alzheimer's disease is related to human aging, and it has been observed that patients suffering from this disease have high levels of free radicals. The phenolic derivative resveratrol can inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid beta peptide, present in these patients. It is a phenol with antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory that is involved with neuronal differentiation

Substances with important phytochemical properties used as antioxidants are curcumin, resveratrol, propolis, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS), and ginseng derivatives. They are used to decrease cerebral neuroinflammation. Avenanthramide is a substance that can serve as a therapeutic agent for the treat-

The extracts of ethanol of *Diospyros kaki* rich in flavonoids diminish the oxidative stress and are mediators in the processes of inflammation and are related to the

(HER2) and in proliferation and chronic inflammation [50].

through activation as a silent regulator of cellular information.

memory in synaptic processes in the communication of proteins.

**270**

The presence of free radicals (ROS) can induce cell death in tissues and organs. The liver as an organ that metabolizes many substances as nutrients and drugs is the place most damaged by free radicals in parenchymal cells, mitochondria, and perixomes. ROS are related to fatty acid oxidation and gene expression.

The TNF-alpha cytokines can produce in Kupffer cells oxidative stress that give rise to inflammatory processes and apoptosis, which can cause liver damage and affect hemostasis, leading to irreversible damage to the synthesis of lipids, proteins, and DNA by the effect of modulators that control different biological functions.

The presence of ROS affects genetic regulation in the transcription process, in the expression of proteins, in apoptosis, and in cell activation, causing severe damage to metabolic processes leading to liver diseases such as chronic viral hepatitis and fatty liver caused by excess consumption of alcohol.

The clinical treatment derives from the consumption of antioxidants as adjuvants that can be synthetic products or derivatives of vitamins C and E and other substances such as mitoquinone, N-acetylcysteine, and silibinin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and for patients with cirrhosis [55].

Antioxidants such as zinc, coenzyme Q10, sylimarin, metadoxine, N-acetylcysteine, propofol and mitoquinone mesylate, selenium, methionine, and lipoic acid can be used in patients suffering from fatty liver and steatohepatitis. Methionine can also be used for liver treatment.

On the other hand, some foods induce the inhibition or inactivation of the P53 gene, which was known as the guardian of the genome, because of his function to identify and prevent the multiplication of cells with modified DNA in its structure due to carcinogenic people.

P53 is a transcription factor whose gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17. P53 is a DNA repair sensor; if the damage is severe, P53 induces programmed cell death or apoptosis. If P53 has mutations, its functions are not carried out. If mutations occur in the germ line (gametic cells), it can lead to Li-Fraumeni syndrome, characterized by breast cancer and other neoplasms, which leads to a pattern of autosomal dominant transmission [56].

#### **6. Conclusions**

Therapy with antioxidants of synthetic origin and of natural origin is important for the treatment of different diseases including those derived from liver diseases. In the case of the use of plants, it is necessary to have knowledge of the pharmacological studies of dosage effect, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of the compounds with antioxidant properties.

The inflammatory processes present in various pathologies such as cancer, intestinal inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis can be treated with omega-3 fatty acids in terms of prevention and treatment and with treatment of other antioxidants as selenium, polyphenols, and vitamins E and C.

In general for the treatment of cancer and other diseases that lead to the study of this disease, foods and supplements rich in antioxidants are a positive option that can be of preventive nature and can be used during the treatment of some anomaly derived from cancer and after the treatment with drugs and the application of radiations, since they favor the recovery of the patients.

Proper nutrition is very important to prevent certain diseases; for this reason, right consumption of nutrients and antioxidants and other substances such as probiotics and probiotics favors recovery in patients whose medical treatments have been aggressive, such as chemotherapies and radiotherapies in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and hypertension, among others.
