*3.2.1 Lipoperoxides, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-IP), and nitric oxide*

The levels of LPO (MDA and 4-hydroxy-alkenals) in the healthy controls were 3.05 ± 0.18 μM. However, LPO levels were found to be increased in DM patients, 136.95 ± 18.17 μM (*p* < 0.0001), and 194.18 ± 54.70 μM (*p* < 0.0001) in No-DM patients. No significant difference was found between patients with and without DM.

The serum levels of 8-IP in DM patients were found to be decreased 5.36 ± 0.80 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001) and No-DM 9.99 ± 6.41 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001) versus the levels that were obtained in healthy controls, 22.88 ± 3.80 pg/mL (*p* < 0.0001). No significant difference was found between patients with and without DM.

The levels of the NO products (nitrites/nitrates) in healthy controls were 197.97 ± 34.20 μM. The products of NO in DM patients were found to be decreased, 18.02 ± 3.41 μM (*p* < 0.0001), and No-DM, 12.96 ± 2.78 μM (*p* < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between patients with and without DM (**Table 2** and **Figure 1**).
