*4.2.2.1 Application*

The main function of vitamin E is to protect against lipid peroxidation through evidence suggesting that α-tocopherol and vitamin C function together in a cyclic type of process. It has been reported that vitamin E supplementation in hypercholesterolemic patients has shown to increase autoantibody levels against oxidized LDL, and prevent ischemic heart disease [49].

## *4.2.3 Vitamin C*

In extracellular fluids, vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin, is the most important antioxidant and can protect biomembranes against lipid peroxidation injury through eliminating peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase before peroxidation initiation. Vitamin C is an effective antioxidant located in the aqueous phase of cells; it simply loses electrons to give stability to reactive species such as ROS [45]. In addition to vitamin C's biological functions as a superoxide and hydroxyl radicals' scavenger, it also functions as an enzyme cofactor [42].

## *4.2.3.1 Application*

Vitamin C plays an essential function in the defense against oxidative damage particularly in leukocytes, as well as the possible effect it may have on the treatment of chronic degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer [42, 45].
