**3. Results**

Seventy-seven patients were included in the study, 35 with DM and 42 No-DM patients. The median age was 42 years. There was a greater prevalence of malegendered patients, DM 62.86% and No-DM 76.19%. DM patients were older (*p* < 0.0001) and had higher body mass index (*p* < 0.0001), with significant increase in glucose (*p* < 0.0001) and more prevalence of arterial hypertension (*p* < 0.0001). A total of 63 patients used erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, with a mean dose of 140 ± 63.6 UI/kg/week, and a major dose was observed in No-DM patients. In **Table 1**, the demographic and biochemical results of the patients are shown. Significant increases in DM patients were found in triglyceride levels

**339**

**3.1 Dialysis characteristics**

*\*Mann-Whitney U test; \*\*Student's t test.*

*reactive C protein.*

**Table 1.**

*Increase of Oxidants and Antioxidant Consumption in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes…*

Male 22 (62.86) 32 (76.19) 0.377 Female 13 (37.14) 10 (23.81) 1 **Age,** years 62 (54.5–66.5) 28 (25–37) **<0.0001\* Weight,** kg 73.16 ± 11.60 67.25 ± 12.52 **0.011\*\* Height,** m 1.62 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.08 **0.046\*\* BMI,** kg/m2 27.80 ± 4.56 24.52 ± 4.29 **<0.0001\*\* Hypertension,** n (%) 34 (97.14) 5 (11.90) **<0.0001** <sup>ŧ</sup> **Residual uresis,** mL 500 (250–1000) 500 (57.5–1000) 0.85 **Hemoglobin,** g/dL 11.41 ± 1.80 10.83 ± 2.33 0.16 **Urea,** mg/dL 102.63 ± 30.95 124.39 ± 31.16 **<0.0001\*\* Creatinine,** mg/dL 7.86 ± 3.07 13.89 ± 4–10 **<0.0001\*\* Glucose,** mg/dL 131 (98–157) 95 (88.7–103) **<0.0001\* Phosphorus,** mg/dL 4.11 ± 1.42 5.63 ± 1.70 **<0.0001\*\* Calcium,** mg/dL 8.76 ± 0.97 8.73 ± 0.92 0.35 **Magnesium,** mg/dL 2.13 ± 0.48 2.33 ± 0.41 **0.023\*\* Potassium,** mEq/L 4.20 ± 0.73 4.47 ± 0.58 **0.032\*\* Sodium,** mEq/L 138 (136–140) 140 (137–141) 0.06 **Albumin,** g/dL 3.17 ± 0.59 3.80 ± 0.53 **<0.0001\*\* Uric acid,** mg/dL 6.22 ± 1.23 6.68 ± 1.39 0.08 **Iron,** mcg/dL 73.35 ± 26.34 77.49 ± 40.85 0.87 **TSAT** % 35.30 ± 17.86 32.5 ± 23.44 0.41 **Cholesterol,** mg/dL 171.51 ± 51.21 170.27 ± 43.38 0.91 **HDL,** mg/dL 41.55 ± 13.64 45.29 ± 15.34 0.28 **LDL,** mg/dL 93.12 ± 36.35 100.11 ± 35.46 0.45 **Triglycerides,** mg/dL 150 (98–219.6) 124 (88–158) **0.046\* VLDL,** mg/dL 30 (19.75–45.75) 24.5 (17.5–32.2) **0.049\* HCO3,** mEq/L 20.33 ± 3.27 21.57 ± 3.24 0.17 **RCP,** mg/L 3.31 (1.41–9.64) 1.98 (1–4.36) **0.034\***

**DM, n = 35 No-DM, n = 42** *p*

*Chi2 test* 

(*p* < 0.046), very-low-density cholesterol (VLDL) (*p* < 0.05) and highly specific reactive C protein (RCP) (*p* < 0.034), which suggests systemic inflammation. However, phosphorus (*p* < 0.0001) and albumin (*p* < 0.0001) were found to be decreased. No-DM patients showed better biochemical results in urea (*p* < 0.0001), creatinine (*p* < 0.0001), magnesium (*p* < 0.009), and potassium (*p* < 0.047).

*Demographic and biochemical results in patients with ESRD in PD with and without diabetes mellitus*

*DM, diabetes mellitus; No-DM, without DM; BMI, body mass index; TSAT, transferrin saturation; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HCO3, bicarbonate; RCP,* 

*Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD), percentage (%) or median (25–75th percentile), and <sup>ŧ</sup>*

The patients had a median vintage on PD of 13 months (4–26), without differences between DM and No-DM. In addition, there were no differences in the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82880*

**Gender** n (%)


*Increase of Oxidants and Antioxidant Consumption in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82880*

*Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD), percentage (%) or median (25–75th percentile), and <sup>ŧ</sup> Chi2 test \*Mann-Whitney U test; \*\*Student's t test.*

*DM, diabetes mellitus; No-DM, without DM; BMI, body mass index; TSAT, transferrin saturation; HDL, highdensity lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HCO3, bicarbonate; RCP, reactive C protein.*

#### **Table 1.**

*Antioxidants*

*2.2.2 Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)*

**2.3 Statistical analysis**

**2.4 Ethics considerations**

informed of the results throughout the study.

The evaluations of TAC were made following the instructions of the kit manufacturer (Total Antioxidant Power Kit, No. TA02.090130, Oxford Biomedical

Research®), to obtain the concentration in mM equivalents of uric acid. The detection limit was 0.075 mM. The samples and standards were diluted 1:40, and 200 μL was placed in each well. The plate was read at 450 nm as a reference value, 50 μL of copper solution was added, and the plate was incubated at room temperature for 3 minutes. Afterward, 50 μL of stop solution was added and the plate was read at 450 nm. The dilution factor was considered in the result. The intra-assay CV was 7.8% [13].

Normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD); skewed variables were exhibited as median with interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage. All demographic and PD-related characteristics were compared between diabetics and nondiabetic patients using Chi2

Student's *t* test, or Mann-Whitney U test accordingly to the type of data distribution. When significant differences in serum levels of oxidative stress markers were found between groups and were feasible, we conducted a multivariable analysis, to determine the interaction between DM and other factors associated with increased OS. The statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS v.18 software (Chicago, IL, USA). For

The scientific research study abides by the regulations of the internationally established guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964, revised in October 2013 at the World Medical Assembly. All procedures were performed according to regulations stipulated in the General Health Legal Guidelines for Healthcare Research in Mexico, 2nd Title, in Ethical Aspects for Research in Human Beings, Chapter 1, Article 17. The study was evaluated and approved by the Local Ethics and Research Committee at the Regional General Hospital No. 46, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, with registration number R-2017-1303-117. All patients gave and signed the informed consent form in the presence of signed witnesses. Patients had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without representing harm to the patient-doctor relationship and without affecting their treatment. At all times, total confidentiality was maintained, and the patients were

Seventy-seven patients were included in the study, 35 with DM and 42 No-DM patients. The median age was 42 years. There was a greater prevalence of malegendered patients, DM 62.86% and No-DM 76.19%. DM patients were older (*p* < 0.0001) and had higher body mass index (*p* < 0.0001), with significant increase in glucose (*p* < 0.0001) and more prevalence of arterial hypertension (*p* < 0.0001). A total of 63 patients used erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, with a mean dose of 140 ± 63.6 UI/kg/week, and a major dose was observed in No-DM patients. In **Table 1**, the demographic and biochemical results of the patients are shown. Significant increases in DM patients were found in triglyceride levels

all the analysis, a *p* ≤ 0.05 value was considered as statistically significant.

,

**338**

**3. Results**

*Demographic and biochemical results in patients with ESRD in PD with and without diabetes mellitus*

(*p* < 0.046), very-low-density cholesterol (VLDL) (*p* < 0.05) and highly specific reactive C protein (RCP) (*p* < 0.034), which suggests systemic inflammation. However, phosphorus (*p* < 0.0001) and albumin (*p* < 0.0001) were found to be decreased. No-DM patients showed better biochemical results in urea (*p* < 0.0001), creatinine (*p* < 0.0001), magnesium (*p* < 0.009), and potassium (*p* < 0.047).

#### **3.1 Dialysis characteristics**

The patients had a median vintage on PD of 13 months (4–26), without differences between DM and No-DM. In addition, there were no differences in the glucose concentration used in the dialysis solutions, but DM patients were less likely to be on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) modality (*p* = 0.016), and the median dwell time was 16 h (QR 16–24). There were no differences in the D/P creatinine or the history of peritonitis between patients. The median residual diuresis was 500 mL/day (250–1000), and there were no difference in the volume of urine or the number of patients with significant residual diuresis. The peritoneal ultrafiltration and the total ultrafiltration were similar in both DM and No-DM patients (*p* = 0.54 and 0.72, respectively) and were within guidelines and recommendations.
