**8. The proposed model of open spatial data in the context of marine spatial planning**

Strengthening democracy in marine spatial planning, including general spatial planning context, can be done through open spatial data between actors, both between communities and between elites, as well as from the community/public to elites and vice versa. Based on the arguments given in the previous subsection, the researchers propose a model of open spatial data between public and elites.

The form of democracy in the context of marine spatial planning is carried out through active communication between the government and public, especially the coastal communities. In determining the level of communication activities by both parties, this model refers to the model of Arnstein's participation [26] and the model of the level of participation and public involvement in government science projects from Haklay [14]. The purpose of this model proposal is to identify the level of public participation in the government in creating collaboration, cooperation, and coordination to share spatial data and information on marine spatial planning, including general spatial planning context. (See **Figure 4**).

• Level 1: taken for granted

At this stage, political communication between public and elites regarding the planning agenda and development agenda has not been achieved. In terms of the people who live in affected areas, planning is passive, that is, just accepting the agenda set by the government, whereas from the government perspective, it is assumed that the community does not need to be involved in the planning process, so that the government has full authority for the direction of planning in the targeted area.

• Level 2: information sharing

At this stage, collaboration between public and elites has taken place. People who live in areas affected by planning from the government take the initiative to provide

#### **Figure 4.**

*A stepped model for community participation in government agency agendas.*

up-to-date information on issues and problems in their neighborhoods to be submitted to the government. Providing information is delivered through public hearings or delivered online on applications that have been built in several areas. One of the public hearings is participatory mapping as a form of open spatial data from the public to the government. While from the government's point of view, they began to accept public input to harmonize the planning and development agenda that had been made.

• Level 3: intermediary

At this stage, the partnership that exists between public and elites has shifted from a form of collaboration to cooperation through the role of a neutral intermediary in bridging input from the community and ideas from the government. The planning process from the government to the community sometimes gets a deadlock. Thus, this situation requires a facilitator who can bridge political communication in planning, in which an intermediary actor is generally chosen based on a credible reputation that is trusted by both parties, for example, academics.

In the context of open spatial data, the provision of spatial data in the form of participatory mapping from public to elites sometimes does not meet the standards set by the government. This complicates and confuses the government, so that intermediaries from professionals or academics are able to transform spatial ideas from the public into standard formats from the government so that it can be conveyed.

• Level 4: delegated power and having community control

At this highest stage, the form of public-elite partnership has achieved coordination. At this level, there is a representation of the community affected by the *Strengthening Democracy in Indonesian Marine Spatial Planning through Open Spatial Data DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88287*

planning target to be part of an ad hoc team together with intermediaries, namely, academics in formulating a joint planning agenda for the realization of a harmonious life in accordance with community input and government programs. For the context of open spatial data both from the coastal community and the government, it has been realized very well without anything being covered up. In other words, transparency and openness of spatial data are guaranteed and reliable.

Overall, the proposed open spatial data in a nontechnical organization is strongly influenced by a willingness to change and transform to be more open. It requires the active participation of public and elites to collaborate, cooperate, and coordinate.
