4.2.2 Pacific K1 TACs

K1 tidal anomaly correlations also reveal some regions of regionally coherent behavior but no basin-scale patterns. In the Eastern Pacific (Figure 9), the river-influenced gauges of San Francisco, California (labeled "SF" in Figure 9), and Astoria, Oregon ("AST") show TACs that are strongly negative, as was true for M2. However, slightly negative or insignificant K1 TACs are observed along the rest of the US west coast (Figure 9). Fewer significant K1 TACs are observed in Alaska and Hawaii than was seen for M2. In South America, Puerto Montt, Chile ("PM") shows a very strong negative K1 TAC, like M2. A larger number of significant K1 TACs are found in the Western Pacific (Figure 10). As with M2, most coastal Japan gauges exhibit negative TACs, and there is a very large positive TAC in Hong Kong (labeled "HK" in Figure 10). In the Southwest Pacific, large positive TACs occur at both island and shelf stations, while significant negative TACs are mainly observed at island gauges, and in Malaysia and Thailand. Almost all significant negative TACs are north of 10 degrees South.

#### 4.2.3 Pacific δ-HATs

In the Eastern Pacific (Figure 11), significant δ-HATs are isolated. San Francisco, California (labeled "SF" in Figure 11) and Astoria, Oregon ("AST")

#### Figure 8.

M2 TAC map in Western Pacific [9] showing changes in amplitude anomaly trends (for a 1-meter MSL rise); symbols and backgrounds are as in Figure 7; units of red and blue markers are mmm<sup>1</sup> , and units of the backgrounds are meters. Maps were generated using MATLAB version R2011a (www.mathworks.com).

#### Figure 9.

K1 TAC map in Eastern Pacific [9] showing changes in amplitude anomaly trends (for a 1-m MSL rise); symbols and backgrounds are as in Figure 7; units of red and blue markers are mmm<sup>1</sup> , and units of the backgrounds are meters. Maps were generated using MATLAB version R2011a (www.mathworks.com).

#### Figure 10.

K1 TAC map in Western Pacific [9] showing changes in amplitude anomaly trends (for a 1-m MSL rise); symbols and backgrounds are as in Figure 7; units of red and blue markers are mm m<sup>1</sup> , and units of the backgrounds are meters. Maps were generated using MATLAB version R2011a (www.mathworks.com).

#### Figure 11.

Color scale map of the eastern Pacific δ-HAT determinations (in mm m<sup>1</sup> ), based on the combined M2, S2, K1, and O1 detrended tidal variations [8]. Red and blue colored markers show positive and negative δ-HATs, respectively. Un-colored, open circles indicate that the calculated δ-HATs was not significant (p > .05). Maps were generated using MATLAB version R2011a (www.mathworks.com).

Figure 12. Color scale map of the Western Pacific δ-HAT determinations (in mm m<sup>1</sup> ), symbols and colors as in Figure 11 [8]. Maps were generated using MATLAB version R2011a (www.mathworks.com).

exhibit <sup>δ</sup>-HAT values of 146- and 257-mm m<sup>1</sup> , respectively. Honolulu ("HONO") and Hilo, Hawaii have positive values of +139- and +147-mm m<sup>1</sup> , respectively. Along the coast of South America, there is an anomalously large negative anomaly correlation at far-southern Puerto Montt, Chile ("PM"), with a <sup>δ</sup>-HAT value of 963 mm m<sup>1</sup> . Elsewhere in the Eastern Pacific of note, Johnston Island ("JOHN") and Papeete on the island of Tahiti ("TAH"), exhibit large negative <sup>δ</sup>-HATs of 117 mm m<sup>1</sup> and 95 mm m<sup>1</sup> , respectively.

The δ-HAT correlations are more significant in the Western Pacific (Figure 12). Eleven gauges in Japan show negative δ-HATs, seven of which are greater than 100 mm m<sup>1</sup> , with a maximum negative value of 351 mm m<sup>1</sup> occurring at Maisaka (labeled "MAI" in Figure 12). Only two significant positive δ-HATs are observed in Japan, at Okada ("OKA") with a value of +159. At Western Pacific islands, results are mixed, with moderate positive δ-HATs and moderate negative δ-HATs both observed. Within the South China Sea, the distribution of δ-HATs is complex. An anomalously large positive δ-HATs is observed at Hong Kong ("HK"; +665 mm m<sup>1</sup> ) and at Bintulu, Malaysia ("BIN"; +615 mm m<sup>1</sup> ). Both sides of the Malay peninsula exhibit strongly negative δ-HATs. The Malacca Strait on the west side of the peninsula has δ-HATs of approx. 70 to 220 mm m<sup>1</sup> , and the Gulf of Thailand on the eastern side shows δ-HATs of approx. 130 to 290 mm m<sup>1</sup> ; a common feature is that both sides show gradual increases in magnitude from the northern reaches to the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.
