**Author details**

Muhammad Abubakar\*, Abdullah Iqbal, Shumaila Manzoor and Muhammad Javed Arshed National Veterinary Laboratory, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: hayee42@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**7**

*Introductory Chapter: Livestock Health and Farming - Regional to Global Perspectives*

[8] Ducrot C, Bedhom B, Béringue V, Coulon J-B, Fourichon C, Guérin J-L, et al. Issues and special features of animal health research. Veterinary Research. 2011;**42**(1):96. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-96

[9] Rich KM, Perry BD. The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: New roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2011;**101**(3-4):133-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.

prevetmed.2010.08.002

10.1098/rstb.2009.0133

s13756-017-0208-x

10.2307/1244162

[10] Tomley FM, Shirley MW. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences. 2009;**364**(1530):2637-2642. DOI:

[11] Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: Causes and control strategies.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2017;**6**(1). DOI: 10.1186/

[12] Pingali PL. From subsistence to commercial production systems: The transformation of Asian agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 1997;**79**(2):628-634. DOI:

[13] Temple D, Manteca X, Velarde A, Dalmau A. Assessment of animal welfare through behavioural parameters in Iberian pigs in intensive and extensive conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2011;**131**(1-2):29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.01.013

[14] Castel JM, Mena Y, Delgado-Pertı́ñez M, Camúñez J, Basulto J, Caravaca F, et al. Characterization of semi-extensive goat production Systems in Southern Spain. Small Ruminant

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91679*

[2] Thornton PK. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences. 2010;**365**(1554):2853-2867. DOI:

[3] Dopelt K, Radon P, Davidovitch N. Environmental effects of the livestock industry: The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among students in Israel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;**16**(8):1359. DOI:

[4] Morand S. Impact of climate change on livestock disease occurrences. In: Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. New Delhi: Springer; 2015:113-122. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1\_8

[5] Reynolds LP, Wulster-Radcliffe MC, Aaron DK, Davis TA. Importance of animals in agricultural sustainability and food security. The Journal of Nutrition. 2015;**145**(7):1377-1379. DOI:

[1] Lubroth J, Idrissi AE, Myers L, Hasibra M, Black P, Burgeon D. Linking animal diseases and social instability. Revue Scientifique Et Technique De LOIE. 2017;**36**(2):445-457. DOI:

10.20506/rst.36.2.2665

**References**

10.1098/rstb.2010.0134

10.3390/ijerph16081359

10.3945/jn.115.212217

10.1093/af/vfy034

[6] Grossi G, Goglio P, Vitali A, Williams AG. Livestock and climate change: Impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):69-76. DOI:

[7] Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T, Woznicki SA. Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management. 2017;**16**:145-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001

*Introductory Chapter: Livestock Health and Farming - Regional to Global Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91679*

## **References**

*Livestock Health and Farming*

keeping inherited herd [27].

diseased animals [31].

endemic and exotic diseases [32].

boundary animal diseases [33].

**7. Role of biosecurity in livestock farming**

anxiety, and depression to livestock producers [29]. For example, culling of animals due to the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalitis in Canada resulted in stress and guilt feeling in owners of those animals. Many of these livestock owners were

Biosecurity at the farm level involves all the steps taken to limit the entry of pathogens and the spread of disease at the farm. Biosecurity applies to both contact of farm animals with other live animal and indirect contact with any contaminated vehicle or equipment [30]. External biosecurity measures are those that are used to decrease the chances of entry of pathogens into a farm. Internal biosecurity includes steps taken to prevent the spread of disease to healthy animals within a farm from

Enforcement of biosecurity at every farm and country border is a global responsibility for combating threats like food security and animal and human diseases. Good farm biosecurity can play a vital role in minimizing the outbreaks of both

Farm biosecurity is based on four principles. The first is limiting the introduction of new animals in the herd and adopting quarantine measures. The second biosecurity principle is controlled movements of people and vehicle and equipment hygiene. The provision of feed and water that is free from pathogenic contamination is the third principle. The fourth principle is the regular vaccination of animals against endemic diseases along with accurate surveillance and reporting of trans-

Animal health is directly linked to food security. Now the world should accept the fact that animal diseases are not a problem of any specific country or region, rather they are global issues. Developing countries should adopt the international standard for the trade of animals and augment the disease surveillance system. For a better future of the world, decision-makers should turn their attention toward the

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

**6**

**Author details**

**8. Conclusion**

and Muhammad Javed Arshed

National Veterinary Laboratory, Pakistan

provided the original work is properly cited.

food-producing system and epizootics.

Muhammad Abubakar\*, Abdullah Iqbal, Shumaila Manzoor

\*Address all correspondence to: hayee42@yahoo.com

[1] Lubroth J, Idrissi AE, Myers L, Hasibra M, Black P, Burgeon D. Linking animal diseases and social instability. Revue Scientifique Et Technique De LOIE. 2017;**36**(2):445-457. DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.2.2665

[2] Thornton PK. Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences. 2010;**365**(1554):2853-2867. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134

[3] Dopelt K, Radon P, Davidovitch N. Environmental effects of the livestock industry: The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among students in Israel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;**16**(8):1359. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081359

[4] Morand S. Impact of climate change on livestock disease occurrences. In: Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. New Delhi: Springer; 2015:113-122. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1\_8

[5] Reynolds LP, Wulster-Radcliffe MC, Aaron DK, Davis TA. Importance of animals in agricultural sustainability and food security. The Journal of Nutrition. 2015;**145**(7):1377-1379. DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212217

[6] Grossi G, Goglio P, Vitali A, Williams AG. Livestock and climate change: Impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):69-76. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy034

[7] Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T, Woznicki SA. Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management. 2017;**16**:145-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001

[8] Ducrot C, Bedhom B, Béringue V, Coulon J-B, Fourichon C, Guérin J-L, et al. Issues and special features of animal health research. Veterinary Research. 2011;**42**(1):96. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-96

[9] Rich KM, Perry BD. The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: New roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2011;**101**(3-4):133-147. DOI: 10.1016/j. prevetmed.2010.08.002

[10] Tomley FM, Shirley MW. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences. 2009;**364**(1530):2637-2642. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0133

[11] Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: Causes and control strategies. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2017;**6**(1). DOI: 10.1186/ s13756-017-0208-x

[12] Pingali PL. From subsistence to commercial production systems: The transformation of Asian agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 1997;**79**(2):628-634. DOI: 10.2307/1244162

[13] Temple D, Manteca X, Velarde A, Dalmau A. Assessment of animal welfare through behavioural parameters in Iberian pigs in intensive and extensive conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2011;**131**(1-2):29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.01.013

[14] Castel JM, Mena Y, Delgado-Pertı́ñez M, Camúñez J, Basulto J, Caravaca F, et al. Characterization of semi-extensive goat production Systems in Southern Spain. Small Ruminant

Research. 2003;**47**(2):133-143. DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00250-x

[15] Lacetera N. Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):26-31. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy030

[16] Akbarian A, Michiels J, Degroote J, Majdeddin M, Golian A, Smet SD. Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry; mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2016;**7**(1). DOI: 10.1186/ s40104-016-0097-5

[17] Bernabucci U. Climate change: Impact on livestock and how can we adapt. Animal Frontiers. 2019;**9**(1):3-5. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy039

[18] Rust JM. The impact of climate change on extensive and intensive livestock production systems. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):20-25. DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy028

[19] Bate AM, Jones G, Kleczkowski A, Naylor R, Timmis J, White PCL, et al. Livestock disease management for trading across different regulatory regimes. EcoHealth. 2018;**15**(2):302-316. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1312-y

[20] Perry BD, Grace D, Sones K. Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;**110**(52):20871-20877. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012953108

[21] Brooks-Pollock E, Jong MD, Keeling M, Klinkenberg D, Wood J. Eight challenges in modelling infectious livestock diseases. Epidemics. 2015;**10**: 1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.005

[22] Blake A, Sinclair MT, Sugiyarto G. Quantifying the impact of foot and mouth disease on tourism and the UK economy. Tourism

Economics. 2003;**9**(4):449-465. DOI: 10.5367/000000003322663221

[23] Wera E, Mourits MCM, Hogeveen H. Uptake of rabies control measures by dog owners in Flores Island, Indonesia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;**9**(3). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003589

[24] Putra AAG, Hampson K, Girardi J, Hiby E, Knobel D, Mardiana W, et al. Response to a Rabies Epidemic, Bali, Indonesia, 2008-2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;**19**(4):648-651. DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.120380

[25] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The impact of political and social instability on animal health. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers. 2002;**153**:47

[26] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO/OIE progressive control pathway for foot and mouth disease. 2011. Available from: www.fao.org/fileadmin/user\_upload/ eufmd/docs/PCP/PCP\_Guidelines\_ Eng\_2012web.pdf [Accessed: 08 January 2020]

[27] Evans B. The social and political impact of animal diseases. Veterinaria Italiana. 2006;**42**(4):399-406

[28] Kaplan M. Social effects of animal diseases in developing countries. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1966;**22**(9):15-21. DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1966.11454985

[29] Crimes D, Enticott G. Assessing the social and psychological impacts of endemic animal disease amongst farmers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019;**6**. DOI: 10.3389/ fvets.2019.00342

[30] Robertson ID. Disease control, prevention and on-farm biosecurity: The role of veterinary epidemiology.

**9**

*Introductory Chapter: Livestock Health and Farming - Regional to Global Perspectives*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91679*

Engineering. 2020;**6**(1):20-25. DOI:

[31] Brennan M, Kemp R, Christley R. Direct and indirect contacts between cattle farms in north-West England. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2008;**84**(3-4):242-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[32] Nöremark M, Sternberg-Lewerin S. On-farm biosecurity as perceived by professionals visiting Swedish farms. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2014;**56**(1).

Mcshane C. Devolved responsibility and on-farm biosecurity: Practices of biosecure farming care in livestock production. Sociologia Ruralis; 2016;**58**(1):20-39. DOI: 10.1111/

10.1016/j.eng.2019.10.004

prevetmed.2007.12.009

DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-28

[33] Higgins V, Bryant M, Hernández-Jover M, Rast L,

soru.12155

*Introductory Chapter: Livestock Health and Farming - Regional to Global Perspectives DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91679*

Engineering. 2020;**6**(1):20-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.10.004

*Livestock Health and Farming*

10.1093/af/vfy030

s40104-016-0097-5

DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy039

10.1093/af/vfy028

Research. 2003;**47**(2):133-143. DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00250-x

Economics. 2003;**9**(4):449-465. DOI: 10.5367/000000003322663221

Hogeveen H. Uptake of rabies control measures by dog owners in Flores Island, Indonesia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;**9**(3). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003589

[24] Putra AAG, Hampson K, Girardi J, Hiby E, Knobel D, Mardiana W, et al. Response to a Rabies Epidemic, Bali, Indonesia, 2008-2011. Emerging

Infectious Diseases. 2013;**19**(4):648-651.

[25] Food and Agriculture Organization

[26] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO/OIE progressive control pathway for foot and mouth disease. 2011. Available from: www.fao.org/fileadmin/user\_upload/ eufmd/docs/PCP/PCP\_Guidelines\_ Eng\_2012web.pdf [Accessed: 08 January

[27] Evans B. The social and political impact of animal diseases. Veterinaria

[29] Crimes D, Enticott G. Assessing the social and psychological impacts of endemic animal disease amongst farmers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019;**6**. DOI: 10.3389/

[30] Robertson ID. Disease control, prevention and on-farm biosecurity: The role of veterinary epidemiology.

fvets.2019.00342

Italiana. 2006;**42**(4):399-406

[28] Kaplan M. Social effects of animal diseases in developing countries. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1966;**22**(9):15-21. DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1966.11454985

DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.120380

of the United Nations (FAO). The impact of political and social instability on animal health. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers.

2002;**153**:47

2020]

[23] Wera E, Mourits MCM,

[15] Lacetera N. Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):26-31. DOI:

[16] Akbarian A, Michiels J, Degroote J, Majdeddin M, Golian A, Smet SD. Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry;

mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals. Journal of Animal Science and

Biotechnology. 2016;**7**(1). DOI: 10.1186/

[17] Bernabucci U. Climate change: Impact on livestock and how can we adapt. Animal Frontiers. 2019;**9**(1):3-5.

[18] Rust JM. The impact of climate change on extensive and intensive livestock production systems. Animal Frontiers. 2018;**9**(1):20-25. DOI:

[19] Bate AM, Jones G, Kleczkowski A, Naylor R, Timmis J, White PCL, et al. Livestock disease management for trading across different regulatory regimes. EcoHealth. 2018;**15**(2):302-316.

[20] Perry BD, Grace D, Sones K. Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;**110**(52):20871-20877. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012953108

DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1312-y

[21] Brooks-Pollock E, Jong MD, Keeling M, Klinkenberg D, Wood J. Eight challenges in modelling infectious livestock diseases. Epidemics. 2015;**10**: 1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.005

[22] Blake A, Sinclair MT,

Sugiyarto G. Quantifying the impact of foot and mouth disease on tourism and the UK economy. Tourism

**8**

[31] Brennan M, Kemp R, Christley R. Direct and indirect contacts between cattle farms in north-West England. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2008;**84**(3-4):242-260. DOI: 10.1016/j. prevetmed.2007.12.009

[32] Nöremark M, Sternberg-Lewerin S. On-farm biosecurity as perceived by professionals visiting Swedish farms. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2014;**56**(1). DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-28

[33] Higgins V, Bryant M, Hernández-Jover M, Rast L, Mcshane C. Devolved responsibility and on-farm biosecurity: Practices of biosecure farming care in livestock production. Sociologia Ruralis; 2016;**58**(1):20-39. DOI: 10.1111/ soru.12155

**11**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

Perspective

situation of antimicrobial resistance.

stakeholders, surveillance

**1. Introduction**

*Hans Ram Meena and Vikash Kumar*

Antimicrobial Resistance and

Rational Use of Antimicrobials in

Livestock: Developing Countries'

India is one of the top consumers of antibiotics in agriculture worldwide, which accounts for 3% of global consumption, which is estimated to double in 2030. The use of antibiotics, particularly in chickens, is expected to triple in India by 2030. The overuse, injudicious use, and misuse of these antimicrobial drugs have spawned the evolution of life-threatening bacteria that is making the current antimicrobials' reserve useless. Suitable extension outreach and continuing programmes should be devised to promote the judicious use of antimicrobials. Innovative approaches, such as One Health, Antimicrobial Stewardship, and antimicrobial conservation are the need of present alarming situation. There is need to reduce the antimicrobial use in animals, particularly domesticated animals; provision of infection surveillance in hospitals; improving hospital surveillance for monitoring antibiotic resistance; promoting rational and judicious use of drug through education, monitoring, and supervision; researching new drugs; and developing and implementing a more restrictive and participatory antibiotic policy by including various stakeholders. Thus, tracking the rate of veterinary antimicrobial use, resistance, and residues, through a nationwide surveillance and monitoring system, and educating farmers, veterinarians, and consumers could pave the way to fight against this catastrophic

**Keywords:** antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship, One Health,

Antimicrobial agents are widely used in food-animal production for disease prevention and treatment in animals, to control disease spread, to prevent contamination of the food chain via horizontal and vertical transfer of antimicrobial resistance, and to increase productivity [1]. However, their overuse in humans and animals leads to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, a general term that encompasses decreased and poor efficacy of antimicrobials to treat disease [2]. Recent projections revealed that by 2050 global livestock production would fall by 3–8% each year, as result of which annual global gross domestic product will decline by 1.1–3.8%. Due to rise in disease incidence, low income countries will be affected more severely, with
