**Author details**

*Livestock Health and Farming*

**10. Conclusions**

especially methane.

**Acknowledgements**

**9.2 Vaccination and chemical compounds**

On the other hand, other researchers have focused their efforts on evaluating the inclusion of protected lipids and nitrate compounds [73, 74]. In addition, the use of some nitrate compounds showed no effect on organoleptic and nutritional properties in edible products for ruminants [75]. However, both strategies could be discarded by increases on fiber digestibility and a reduction of dry matter intake. Otherwise, the acquisition and use of these compounds in livestock will substantially increase production costs and market price. In the past decades, chemical compounds were used as inhibitors in methane synthesis through vaccination or the analogue supplementation. Nevertheless, methanogen defaunation is not a viable long-term alternative since microorganisms are easily adaptable to different environments. Additionally, the use of other additives, like ionophores, is forbidden in the USA. In this way, the use of plant extractives and especially metabolites arises as a sustainable alternative; however, there are not conclusive results which lead to a punctual design of dietary strategies. The latter is exposed since some of these metabolites may be present in edible products of ruminants affecting their organoleptic properties [76]. In addition, further studies are required to demonstrate the effectivity of extractable compounds of plants which are well perceived by the

population as an alternative for chemical compound supplementation.

Methane and GHG mitigation in livestock is possible through different strategies, most of them as dietary alterations. However, it is necessary to carry out conclusive in vivo studies evaluating the use of metabolites and extractable plants' compounds, as well as the use of alternative forage sources which may provide directly these metabolites affecting the presence of ruminal methanogens and protozoa. Moreover, each region or geographic zone has different forage sources even perennial that can be produced locally. The incorporation of these into livestock feeding arises as a viable and sustainable alternative for mitigating GHG emissions,

The authors would like to acknowledge the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) for indirect support of some researchers. Likewise, the authors would like to acknowledge the Forestry and Wood Industry Institute and Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry Faculty of the UJED, as well as the Durango Institute of Technology and Technological Institute of the Valle del Guadiana for the

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facilities.

Pámanes-Carrasco Gerardo1 \*, Herrera-Torres Esperanza<sup>2</sup> , Murillo-Ortiz Manuel3 and Reyes-Jáquez Damián4

1 CONACYT, Durango State Juarez University, Durango, Dgo, Mexico

2 TecNM, Valle del Guadiana Institute of Technology, Durango, Dgo, Mexico

3 Durango State Juarez University, Durango, Dgo, Mexico

4 TecNM, Durango Institute of Technology, Durango, Dgo, Mexico

\*Address all correspondence to: gerardo.pamanes@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
