**3.5 Autopsy material**

130 Salmonella – A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen

passing from this region of the urethra. But this contamination is not over a certain bacteria count in a healthy person. By considering this feature of the urinary system and the urine, some criteria should be followed before taking the urine sample, while taking the sample

Generally, urinary antiseptics and antibiotic drugs and excessive water should not be given

The form so called middle flow is the most common method applied in all hospitalized and polyclinic patients who are cooperated for taking urine sample. The most important subject that patients should know and should be informed in this method is genital region cleaning which is required to be performed before taking the urine sample. Because, bacteria reproduce over 105 criteria in urine samples taken from persons who do not care about genital area hygiene and cleaning, frequently in women and urinary infection is diagnosed inaccurately. No infection is found in urine samples of these persons after a well cleaning is performed. Soap and water are sufficient for cleaning. Persons should wash their hands first, and clean glans penis and orifice in men and genital areas, labias and the orifice of women from front to back and from up to down. The person will start to urinate just after this cleaning and take the urine which is in the middle of the urination stage, not the first or the last urine into a sterile tube or sterile bottle with a wide opening (as 5 to 10 ml) and close the cap immediately. The urine taken should be transmitted to the laboratory as soon as possible. If this is not possible, the urine should be stored in the

The urine sample brought to the laboratory should be stored in the refrigerator or examined

The method used in almost every microbiology laboratory is to plant with a washing bottle or loop. Loops used for planting are fabrication products which are calibrated and they are expensive. Apart from this, they should be controlled whether their calibration was deteriorated by special methods. The most suitable for us is 1 ml serological pipettes with

The urine brought is planted as 0,1 ml on every petri plate (blood agar- EMB, endo, Mac Conkey etc.) by a pipette after mixing well and smeared to the plate by a sterile glass rod. Plates put into the incubator (35-37°C) are removed after an incubation of 18 to 24 hours, and colony count is performed. The colony amount which is counted in every plate is multiplied with 10 and it is expressed as colony amount in ml. According to the values obtained, colony count between –10,000 is accepted as NORMAL, between 10,000-100,000 as

Except these criteria, lactose negative colonies are evaluated and identified in EMB or ENDO AGAR; and *Salmonella* is diagnosed. In this case, this is accepted as an infectious agent without considering 100,000 ml/cfu bacteria count as we accepted as infectious agent.

Bacteriological examination of cerebrospinal fluid is performed in cases that meningitis is suspected. Examination material taken under sterile conditions is sent to the laboratory as soon as possible. If the material will not be examined instantly, it is stored in the incubator

Neisseria meningitidis, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, *Salmonella* escherichia,

to examine within one hour. Germs obtained from cerebrospinal fluid most:

The other process that will be done with the urine sample is culturing.

SUSPICIOUS and over 100,000 as URINARY INFECTION.

and sending it to the laboratory for microbiological examinations.

to persons before taking the sample.

refrigerator for a certain period.

within 1 hour.

0,1 calibrated.

**3.4 Cerebrospinal fluid** 

Examination material is taken from ileum in suspicion of typhoid fever. Intestinal wall is cauterized by superheated spatula. A sterile swab is inserted from the hole opened and moved on the mucosa by rotating. The swab is removed and immersed into tetrahionate bouillon or selenite bouillon. The swab is rotated by pressing on the wall of the tube and a clouded fluid is obtained. Planting is performed from this fluid to Endo, SS, bismuth sulphite agar mediums which are used to produce *Salmonella* bacteria. Material is taken from the bladder by the same way.
