**4. Discussion**

234 Salmonella – A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen

The rest shared the PFGE but not the AMR profiles. The AMR profile AM,AMP,CL, STR,SU,TET appeared the most common across many PFGE profiles, recorded in 20 bovines and 1 human (profile 1), 8 bovines (profile II), 10 bovines (profile III), 4 bovine (profile IV), 1 swine and 1 turkey (profile V) and 4 bovines (profile VII). Details of AMR profiles of other PFGE profiles will be provided. For the antibiotic susceptibility tests, a total of 9 antibiotic resistant patterns were found for the 55 animal isolates and 40 human isolates with identical PFGE profiles. Of these, cattle isolates accounted for 7, human 19, swine 2, turkey meat 3 and chicken 1 AMR patterns. A review of susceptibility levels of different isolates was summarized. All human (62), swine (2) and turkey (3) and 97 out of 98 cattle isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was observed in swine (all 2 isolates) and 75 cattle isolates (76.5%) while turkey (n=2, 100%) and human (n=59, 95.2%) were mostly susceptible. All the 2 swine isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfizoxazole and tetracycline. Detailed antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the different isolates by origin

> No. of intermediate isolates (%)

Cattle Human Swine Turkey Cattle Human Turkey Cattle Human Swine Turkey

(21.4) 2(3.2) <sup>1</sup>

(33.3) - - - <sup>98</sup>

(33.3) 4(4.1) 26(41.9) - <sup>93</sup>

(100.0) - - - <sup>10</sup>

(100.0) - - - 1(1.0) - - -

75

(76.5) 1(1.6) <sup>2</sup>

(100.0) 3(4.8) <sup>2</sup>

(94.9) 1(1.6) <sup>1</sup>

(10.2) 4(6.5) <sup>1</sup>

(100.0) -

2 (66.7)

2 (66.7)

(100.0)

(50.0)

(50.0) 0.0

(33.3)

(100.0) - 1(1.6) - 1(1.0) 1(1.6) - -

(100.0) - 1(1.6) - 1(1.0) 1(1.6) - -

(100.0) - - - 1(1.0) - - -

(100.0) - - - 1(1.0) 2(3.2) - -

No. of resistant isolates (%)

are shown in Tables 10 and 11.

97 (99.0)

2 (2.0) <sup>59</sup>

Amikacin (0.5–64),

Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid (1/0.5– 32/16)

Ampicillin

Cefoxitin (0.5–32)

Ceftriaxone (0.25–64)

Chloramphenicol (2–32)

Ciprofloxacin (0.015–4)

Gentamicin (0.25–16)

Kanamycin (6–64)

(2–32) - <sup>59</sup>

97 (99.0)

97 (99.0)

97 (99.0)

97 (99.0)

88 (89.8)

1(1.0) <sup>35</sup>

No of susceptibility isolates (%)

> 2 (100.0)

(95.2) - <sup>2</sup>

(95.2) - <sup>1</sup>

2 (100.0)

2 (100.0)

1 (50.0)

2 (100.0)

2 (100.0)

1 (50.0) 3

(66.7)

3

3

1

3

3

3

21

62 (100.0)

60 (96.8)

60 (96.8)

(56.5)

62 (100.0)

60 (96.8)

58 (93.5)
