**1.4 Antibiotic resistance of** *Salmonella* **spp. in seawater**

Beta-lactam antibiotics are widely used for treatment of infections in the world. Domestic waste waters might be an important source of antibiotic-resistant *Enterobacteriaceae*. Resistances to clinically relevant antibiotics are widespread in aquatic bacteria, including potential human pathogens. Since antibiotic resistance related to domestic wastewaters is important for the ecosystem and also for human heath in the aquatic environments, the resistance frequency of some beta-lactam antibiotics to *Salmonella* spp. isolates were investigated in this study.

In this study, the presence of *Salmonella* spp. and its relationship with primary hydrographic parameters and indicator organisms of bacterial pollution (total coliform, feacal coliforms) were investigated in the various marine areas of Turkey. The results were evaluated regarding sustainable and economical usage of aquatic products, the ecosystem and human

Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites in various marine areas of Turkey

The Occurrence of Salmonella in Various Marine Environments in Turkey 77

extending from the eastern part of Andros Island to the southern part of Gokceada and

The presence of *Salmonella* spp*.* in the 136 units of seawater samples which were taken from 68 stations in the eastern and western coastal areas of Istanbul and from around the islands

The Sample types, the number of samples and sampling periods were summarized in Table 1.

<sup>44</sup>Golden Horn Estuary

<sup>7</sup>Northern Aegean Sea

<sup>5</sup>Eastern Mediterranean

36\* The Sea of Marmara

Total number of samples 835 Turkey 1998-2010

Table 1. The seawater, shellfish and fish samples which were collected from various marine

**Sampling Areas (Turkey)** 

100 Western Black Sea 1998-1999

22 Aegean Sea (coastal areas) 2006-2008 83 Northern Aegean Sea 2006-2007 80 Southern part of the Sea of Marmara 2006-2007

14 Eastern Mediterranean 2007-2008

136 The Sea of Marmara 2008-2010

96 \* Western Black Sea 1998-1999

(Istanbul) 2002-2003

(0ffshore) 2007-2008

(offshore) 2007-2008

(Tekirdağ) 2005-2006

(Tekirdağ) 2005-2006

(Florya-Ambarl seashore) 2000-2001

(Yesilkoy-Avclar) 1999-2000

(Yesilkoy) 1999-2000

(Yesilkoy) 1999-2000

(Tekirdağ) 1999-2000

(Derekoy-Samsun) 1999-2000

**Sampling Period** 

in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey were investigated in 2008 and 2010.

*D. trunculus* 36\* The Sea of Marmara

*R. venosa* 75\* The Sea of Marmara

*Atherina boyeri* <sup>22</sup>The Sea of Marmara

*Scorpaena porcus* 24 The Sea of Marmara

*Spicara smaris* 31 The Sea of Marmara

*Diplodus vulgaris* 11 The Sea of Marmara

\*A total of 6 individual samples were accepted as a sample group in the analyses

environments, Turkey for bacteriological analyses in different periods.

*Scophthalmus maeoticus* 6 Black Sea

**Samples** 

**Sample Number of** 

Thasos Island in 2007 and 2008.

Total Seawater samples 495

Total Shellfish Samples 243

Total Fish Samples 94

Seawater

*C. gallina*

Fish

health. Sea water and shellfish samples which were collected from various marine environments were investigated for occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in different time periods throughout 1998–2010. A total of 832 samples of seawater (495), shellfish (243) and fish (94) were collected from six sites between July 1998 and August 2010.

Fig. 2. One of the study areas: Golden Horn Estuary, Istanbul
