**5. References**

212 Salmonella – A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen

transparent border. Presumptive colonies were prepared to DNA extraction for

During the monitoring of packinghouses and agricultural fields, a total of 124 samples were collected and analyzed. According to results, *Salmonella* Saintpaul was absent from any of

It is necessary to remark the absence of *Salmonella* in all the samples analyzed corresponding to packinghouses, which implies a strong evidence of the adherence and following to the

The Ministry of Agriculture announced the absence of *Salmonella* Saintpaul in Sinaloa fields supported by the microbiological traceability conducted by federal and CIAD personnel. During the inspection It was also corroborated the good situation of the horticulture in Sinaloa and that tomatoes from Sinaloa have no responsibility for the unfortunate public health problem occurred in the United States. These actions removed the name of México

During this season, only 717,000 t of tomato were exported, a 9.6% less than the previous season due to the *Salmonella* Saintpaul outbreak generating an economic impact for the

According to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2009, in terms of consumption the tomato is one of the four more consumed fresh produce, as well as potato, lettuce and onion, while in terms of trade, the imports of Mexican tomato represent a strong source of profits. However, this outbreak produced a negative perception for the tomato consumption, not only for Mexican tomato but also to tomato grown in the USA. According to the Center of Agribusiness and Economic Development from The University of Georgia in 2008, the tomato demand decreased significantly during the outbreak, with an average impact of \$11,778 USD per acre for tomato not sold

The economic impact in México caused by the presumptive responsibility of Mexican tomato as transmission vehicle of *Salmonella* Saintpaul promoted the emergence of the Coordinación Estatal de Inocuidad Hidroagrícola, Pecuaria, Acuícola y Pesquera (CEIHAPAP), which is governed by the Stated of Sinaloa to coordinate efforts among producers and scientific institutions for the development of methods to ensure the safety production of fresh produce, free of biological, chemical and physical agents that can

Results of the absence of *Salmonella* Saintpaul from Sinaloa tomatoes allowed the re-opening of the international trade for tomatoes, helping the economy and strengthening the

According to the scientific evidence, it was demonstrated the consistent and effective adherence to the GMP and GAP by the Mexican growers, as well as the proper monitoring

commercial relationship between México and the United States of America.

of fields to ensure microbiological quality of the fresh produce.

from the list of countries associated to fresh produce involved in the outbreak.

confirmation assay by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Sinaloa tomato industry worth \$134 million USD losses.

and a total of \$25.7 million USD only for Georgia State.

represent risks for the consumer´s health.

**4. Conclusions** 

the samples collected regarding its origin.

GAP and GMP of growers from Sinaloa.

**3. Results** 


www.cidh.org.mx/publico/plantilla/pl5.aspx?cveseccion=313 www.caades.org.mx

http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=25

**11** 

*USA* 

**Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Molecular** 

**Characterization of** *Salmonella* **Isolated from** 

Margaret. L. Khaitsa and Dawn Doetkott

*North Dakota State University* 

**Domestic Animals, Humans and Meat Products** 

Infections with nontyphoid *Salmonella enterica* serovars represent an important public health problem worldwide (Zhao et al. 2003) and an economic burden in many parts of the world today (Gomez et al 1997; Vugia et al, 2004). In the United States (US), *Salmonella* is the second most common identifiable cause of illness, and the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths, due to food-borne bacterial infection (Mead et al, 1999). Each year, 31 major known pathogens acquired in the US caused an estimated 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness (Scallan et al, 2011), and an estimated 38.4 million episodes of domestically acquired foodborne illness were caused by unspecified agents, resulting in 71,878 hospitalizations and 1,686 deaths (Scallan et al, 2011). The annual economic cost due to foodborne *Salmonella* infections in the US alone is estimated at \$2.4 billion (http://www.ers.usda.gov) with an estimated 1.4 million cases of salmonellosis and over 500 deaths annually (Arshad et al. 2007). In 2004 for instance, among 3686 *Salmonella* isolates serotyped, 862 (23%) were serotype Typhimurium, 565 (15%) Enteritidis, 399 (11%) Newport and 248 (7%) Heidelberg (CDC, 2005). Similarly, the same *Salmonella enterica* serovars were reported as major causes of salmonellosis in humans in another study (Oloya et al. 2007). The predominance of *S. Typhimurium* and *S. Newport* in both domestic animals and human case reports further highlights their role in causing cross

Although human salmonellosis has been associated with exposure to other vehicles of transmission (e.g. pets, reptiles, and contaminated water), about 95% of human infections have been found to be associated with ingestion of contaminated foods; namely animal products (Gaul et al. 2007; McLaughlin et al. 2006; Padungtod and Kaneene 2006), poultry products (Plym and Wierup 2006; Mead et al. 1999), sea foods (Duran and Marshall 2005; Ozogul et al. 2007; Shabarinath et al. 2007) and fresh produce (Johnston et al. 2006; Puohiniemi et al. 1997). Direct contact with companion and food animals has also been documented as another important route of *Salmonella* transmission to humans (Coburn et al. 2006; Doyle and Erickson 2006; Gorman and Adley 2004; Mead et al. 1999; Padungtod and Kaneene 2006). Consumption of raw or undercooked ground beef and lack of safe food handling practices to prevent cross contamination are considered critical in infections at household levels (Ling et al. 2001). These reports highlight the possibility of increased

infections (Arshad et al. 2007; Bacon et al. 2002; Besser et al. 2000).

**1. Introduction** 

http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks.html www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/jalapeno/map.html www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/vegetables/tomatoes.htm
