**9. Reference**


Tornuk et al. (2011) indicated that the thyme hydrosol (contain carvacrol: 48.30% and thymol: 17.55%) was the most efcient agent on the carrot samples with resulted in 1.48 log cfu/g reduction in *S. typhimurium* number. The antimicrobial effect of essential oil components (monoterpenes e.g. thymol, menthol and linalyl acetate) might be due to a perturbation of the lipid fraction of bacterial plasma membranes, resulting in alterations of membrane permeability and in leakage of intracellular materials (Trombetta et al., 2005). Both concentrations of carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde, and 0.75% eugenol decreased *Salmonella* counts on tomatoes by ~6.0 log cfu/mL at 1 min (Mattson et al., 2011). Treatment of seeds at 50 degrees C for 12 h with acetic acid (100 and 300 mg/L of air) and thymol or cinnamic aldehyde (600 mg/L of air) significantly reduced *Salmonella* populations on seeds

(>1.7 log10 cfu/g) without affecting germination percentage (Weissinger et al., 2001).

(Pranoto et al., 2005).

**8. Conclusion** 

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Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Salmonella enterica (Serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from Blood Isolates in Nepal: Surveillance of Resistance and a Search for Newer Alternatives. *International* 

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**16** 

**Laboratory Typing Methods for Diagnostic of** 

*Salmonella* are enteric gram negative organisms that are widely dispersed in nature. These organisms can reside as common commensals in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and man or cause disease states that range from self-limited diarrhea to bacteremia with enteric

Organisms can be highly host adapted, where they infect only a limited number of species, or can be much more ubiquitous. The most significant human host-adapted organism is *S. typhi*, the cause of typhoid fever. Man remains the only known reservoir for these isolates. Similarly, *S. pullorum* and *S. gallinarum* are poultry associated organisms that are so hostadapted that even upon transmission to man they usually remain non-pathogenic (Ziprin & Hume, 2001). More frequently, animal host-adapted organisms can be transmitted to man causing symptomatic disease. *S. choleraesuis* is normally a porcine organism though it can cause gastroenteritis and enteric fever, when transmitted to man (especially in children). Other organisms, such as *S. typhimurium*, have a broad host range and these serotypes are

Thus, *Salmonella* strains, the well and "old" pathogens, continued threat to public health. In fact, despite that, the incidence of salmonellosis has decreased substantially especially in developed country, recent events and several articles illustrate continued challenges in *Salmonella* control. The first challenge in *Salmonella* control is the widespread distribution of food; in fact contaminated food produced in one country may cause illness far away demonstrating the importance of robust control programmes. Likewise, this organism cause substantial economic loss resulting from mortality, morbidity, poor growth of infected animals, poultry and human beings; hazardous of transmitting food poisoning with gastroenteritis to human and so represents a serous problem for the food industry

The second challenge is traceability, in fact, the complexity of the food supply chains and/ or the lack of identifying markers on foods can make it extremely difficult to trace back to

fever or invasion of vascular structures, bone or other localized sites (Hook, 1990).

responsible for the majority of human infections.

**1. Introduction** 

(Khan et al., 2007).

their origin.

**Salmonella Strains, the "Old" Organism** 

Ben Salem Imen, Mzoughi Ridha and Aouni Mahjoub

**That Continued Challenges** 

*Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia* 

*Monastir University* 

*Tunisia* 

*Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents* 

in 2003. *Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease*, Vol.54, No.4, pp. 299–303, ISSN 0732-8893

