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**4** 

Gülşen Altuğ

*Turkey* 

**The Occurrence of** *Salmonella* **in Various** 

The occurrence and survival of enteric bacteria in marine ecosystems has been of interest to microbial ecology, sustainable usage of aquatic products, and the health of humans and the ecosystem (Barcina et al., 1986; Borrego and Figueras, 1997; Dionisio et al., 2000). Therefore, it is interesting to know and evaluate environmental factors that influence the occurrence of indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. regarding sustainable and economical usage of aquatic

The majority of bacteria present in domestic wastewater are comprised of saprophyte bacteria of faecal or terrestrial origin and pathogen bacteria such as *Salmonella, Shigella, Brucella*, *Mycobacterium*, *Escherichia coli*, *Leptospira, Campylobacter* and *Vibrio*. Furthermore, *Adenovirüs, Reovirüs, Rotavirüs* and *Hepatit* viruses as well as prozoons such as *Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia,* and *Cryptosporidium* may contaminate the sea by means of

*Salmonella* spp., one of the pathogenic bacteria which enter the sea environment as a result of anthropologic influences and particularly recreational use in coastal areas, continues to be a

In order to define the source of *Salmonella* spp.*,* contamination strains isolated from seawater and rivers were studied by molecular marker methods. Their properties were compared with those of strains originating from possible sources of contamination such as sewage from humans, cattle, and treated sewage water used in watering plants (Graeber

The perforation of *Salmonella* spp. into sea water is not only from terrestrial originated wastewater but also from ships' ballast water which is imported to and exported from ships

The movements of ballast waters, from one continent to another by ships, create a global distribution mechanism for pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant forms and it may be significant in the worldwide distribution of microorganisms, as well as for the epidemiology of waterborne diseases affecting plants and animals (Ruiz et al., 2000). At the same time, most of the pathogens sourcing from sewage have been found to be present in shellfish. Particularly in production areas which are under the heavy influence of contamination, the

wastewater (Lynch and Hobbie 1988, Westwood 1994, Black 1996.)

most frequently found pathogen in shellfish is *Salmonella* spp.

**1. Introduction** 

et al., 1995).

to maintain their balance.

products, ecosystem and human health.

problem with regard to public health.

**Marine Environments in Turkey** 

*Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries* 

*Department of Marine Biology* 

