**2.** *Salmonella* **analyses**

The presence of *Salmonella* spp. and indicator bacteria with respect to the areas from which they were isolated were investigated in the coastal areas of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Western Black Sea, the Golden Horn Estuary (Istanbul), the Sea of Marmara, the northern part of the Aegean Sea and also in the offshore area extending from the eastern part of Andros Island to the southern parts of Gokceada and Thasos Island, as well as the Mediterranean (Figure 1).

Indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. were investigated in one hundred samples of seawater and 96 groups of *C. gallina* (striped venus*)* from six stations on the coastline of western Black Sea (Sile), Turkey. Studies were carried out on 15 days from June to December in 1998-1999 (Altuğ and Bayrak 2002).

Indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. were investigated in 75 groups of sea snail (*Rapana venosa*) samples which were collected from the Florya-Ambarl seashore of the Sea of Marmara, during the period between June 2000 and November 2001 (Altuğ and Güler 2002).

A total of 72 shellfish (*D. trunculus* /wedge-shell and *C. gallina*) were examined (36 groups *C. gallina*, 36 groups *D. trunculus*) which were taken from a site near Tekirdag on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey monthly between November 2005 and October 2006 (Altuğ et al., 2008).

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in the total 44 samples of surface water which were collected from four different areas in the Golden Horn Estuary (Istanbul, Turkey) were tested in the period from November 2002 to December 2003.

The presence of *Salmonella* spp. in the 80 units of seawater samples, which were taken from 22 stations in the Southern part of the Sea of Marmara, was analyzed in 2006-2007 (Altuğ et. al., 2007).

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in the 22 units of seawater samples from coastal areas in the Aegean Sea and 14 units of seawater samples from the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey were investigated during the months of August in 2007 and 2008.

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. was investigated in the 83 units of seawater samples which were taken from various depths ranging from 0-30 cm to 500 m in the northern part of the Aegean Sea in 2006 and 2007. Seven unit samples were taken from the offshore areas

health. Sea water and shellfish samples which were collected from various marine environments were investigated for occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in different time periods throughout 1998–2010. A total of 832 samples of seawater (495), shellfish (243) and fish (94)

The presence of *Salmonella* spp. and indicator bacteria with respect to the areas from which they were isolated were investigated in the coastal areas of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Western Black Sea, the Golden Horn Estuary (Istanbul), the Sea of Marmara, the northern part of the Aegean Sea and also in the offshore area extending from the eastern part of Andros Island to the southern parts of Gokceada and Thasos Island, as well as the

Indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. were investigated in one hundred samples of seawater and 96 groups of *C. gallina* (striped venus*)* from six stations on the coastline of western Black Sea (Sile), Turkey. Studies were carried out on 15 days from June to December in 1998-1999

Indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. were investigated in 75 groups of sea snail (*Rapana venosa*) samples which were collected from the Florya-Ambarl seashore of the Sea of Marmara, during the period between June 2000 and November 2001 (Altuğ and Güler 2002). A total of 72 shellfish (*D. trunculus* /wedge-shell and *C. gallina*) were examined (36 groups *C. gallina*, 36 groups *D. trunculus*) which were taken from a site near Tekirdag on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey monthly between November 2005 and

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in the total 44 samples of surface water which were collected from four different areas in the Golden Horn Estuary (Istanbul, Turkey) were

The presence of *Salmonella* spp. in the 80 units of seawater samples, which were taken from 22 stations in the Southern part of the Sea of Marmara, was analyzed in 2006-2007

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. in the 22 units of seawater samples from coastal areas in the Aegean Sea and 14 units of seawater samples from the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey

The occurrence of *Salmonella* spp. was investigated in the 83 units of seawater samples which were taken from various depths ranging from 0-30 cm to 500 m in the northern part of the Aegean Sea in 2006 and 2007. Seven unit samples were taken from the offshore areas

were collected from six sites between July 1998 and August 2010.

Fig. 2. One of the study areas: Golden Horn Estuary, Istanbul

tested in the period from November 2002 to December 2003.

were investigated during the months of August in 2007 and 2008.

**2.** *Salmonella* **analyses** 

Mediterranean (Figure 1).

(Altuğ and Bayrak 2002).

October 2006 (Altuğ et al., 2008).

(Altuğ et. al., 2007).

extending from the eastern part of Andros Island to the southern part of Gokceada and Thasos Island in 2007 and 2008.

The presence of *Salmonella* spp*.* in the 136 units of seawater samples which were taken from 68 stations in the eastern and western coastal areas of Istanbul and from around the islands in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey were investigated in 2008 and 2010.

The Sample types, the number of samples and sampling periods were summarized in Table 1.


\*A total of 6 individual samples were accepted as a sample group in the analyses

Table 1. The seawater, shellfish and fish samples which were collected from various marine environments, Turkey for bacteriological analyses in different periods.

The Occurrence of Salmonella in Various Marine Environments in Turkey 79

Due to the differences between coastal areas and offshore areas with respect to exposed pollution factors, the offshore areas can be accepted as reference stations for the studies

In this study, seawater samples which were taken from the offshore areas extending from the eastern part of Andros Island to the southern parts of Gokceada and Thasos Island, as

The samples from close stations (western Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Golden Horn Estuary, western Black Sea) were transported daily to the Aquatic Microbial Ecology

However, because of the long distances (Northern Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean) between the sampling point and the laboratory, some analyses for filtration (indicator bacteria), pre-enrichment, selective enrichment (*Salmonella* spp.) and isolation were carried out during the cruise on the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Research Vessel YUNUS-S. The numbers of the sea water samples which were collected from various marine areas between the years 1998 and 2010 according to sampling stations were summarized in the

C. *gallina* samples were collected by mechanical dredge at approximately 5-10 meters depth from the western Black Sea (Sile) from June to December in 1998-1999 (Altuğ and

*R. venosa* samples were collected by diving from Florya-Ambarl seashore, (Marmara Sea, Turkey) and with the help of divers during the period between June 2000 and November

*C. gallina* and *D. trunculus* samples were harvested along 500 m of shallow (4–7-m depth) area using a mechanical dredge in a site near Tekirdag (Kumbag), on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey monthly between November 2005 and October 2006. The mechanical dredge used was the standard dredging equipment used in fishing; a net with mesh openings of size 6 mm is attached to the metal dredge; when the dredge is dragged by the fishing vessel, in our case for 8–10 min, those particles equal to or greater than 6-mm size

All the shellfish samples for the microbiological analyses were immediately transferred to the laboratory sealed in an ice box under aseptic conditions to avoid the possibility of

*Salmonella* spp. analyses depend on identification with biochemical and serological tests of suspicious colonies from selective solid medium after selective enrichment and unselective

Then the colonies were restreaked several times to obtain pure cultures and the pure isolates of *Salmonella* spp. were identified using GN cards in the automated biochemical identification system VITEK 2 Compact 30 (Biomereux, France). The identification cards are based on established biochemical methods and newly developed substrates. There are

prior enrichment at 37 0C in liquid medium in the seawater samples (APHA, 2000).

well as the Mediterranean were tested for indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp.

**2.1.6 Offshore areas** 

**2.2 Sea water sampling** 

**2.3 Shellfish sampling** 

2001 (Altuğ and Güler 2002).

bacterial contamination.

are collected in the net (Altuğ et al. 2008).

**2.4** *Salmonella* **spp. analyses for seawater samples** 

Table 1.

Bayrak 2002).

which monitor bacterial contamination.

Laboratory of Faculty of Fisheries of Istanbul University.
