**3.2 Shellfish**

Eight of 243 shellfish samples analyzed were found positive for *Salmonella* spp. (3.29%). Five of eight units of *Salmonella* spp. positive samples of shellfish (83.3%) also had indicator bacteria higher than 104 fecal coliform /100 ml (Table 2).

*Salmonella* spp. was not isolated in the *C. gallina* samples which were collected from the western part of the Black Sea, Turkey in 1998 and 1999**.**

The highest levels of fecal coliform and *E. coli* within the total of 75 *R. venosa* samples analyzed were found in the samples collected during the months of August 2000 and 2001. In the samples of August 2000, *Salmonella* spp. was found positive in both samples of fecal coliform and *E. coli;* however, *Salmonella* spp. was not isolated in the other samples.

The maximum level of fecal coliform, total coliform, and *E. coli* were recorded in the *D. trunculus* and *C. gallina* samples in July, August, and September, 2006 (Altuğ et al., 2008). *Salmonella* spp. in the *D. trunculus* and *C. gallina* samples was detected only in July and August 2006.

*S. typhimurium, S. enterica* ssp. *arizonae* and *S. enteritidis* also was isolated among the all isolated strains from the shellfish samples.

#### **3.3 Fish**

Three *(A. boyeri, S. porcus and S.smaris)* of the 94 unit fish samples analyzed were found positive for *Salmonella* spp. in 1999. All of the *Salmonella* spp. positive samples also had indicator bacteria more than 104 fecal coliform /100 ml. All the isolated strains from the fish samples were *S. enterica* ssp. *arizonae*.

The overall prevalence of *Salmonella* spp. was 9.01%, with the highest occurrence in seawater (13%), shellfish (3.29 %), followed by fish (2.13%).

Thirty two of 64 *Salmonella* isolates (50%) showed resistance to Imipenem (21 isolates), Ampicillin (22 isolates), Cefotaxim (19 isolates), Ceftriaxon (11 isolates), and Ceftazidim (18 isolates) acid (9 isolates), with nine of these isolates displaying multiple resistance to four of these antibiotics.

Fourteen of 80 seawater samples which were taken from 30 cm to 50 meter were positive for *Salmonella* spp. in July 2006 in southern part of the Sea of Marmara. Also, three seawater samples were found *Salmonella* spp. positive in June 2007. During this study *Salmonella* spp.

Sixty four of the 495 unit seawater samples tested was found positive for *Salmonella* spp. (13%) in the stations. Thirty three of the 64 unit *Salmonella* spp. positive samples of seawater (51.5 %) which have been recorded in the stations indicator bacteria were > 104

Twenty two of 136 unit seawater samples which were taken from 0-30 cm in the Sea of Marmara were found positive for *Salmonella* spp. in the July 2009 and June 2010 period. *S. enterica* ssp. *arizonae, S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium* were the most identified isolates in the samples. *S. typhimurium* represented 64.3% of all *Salmonella* spp. strains and was identified

The frequency of *Salmonella* spp. related to fecal coliform bacteria in the seawater samples was summarized in the Table 2. Biochemical details of two of isolated *Salmonella* spp. was

Eight of 243 shellfish samples analyzed were found positive for *Salmonella* spp. (3.29%). Five of eight units of *Salmonella* spp. positive samples of shellfish (83.3%) also had indicator

*Salmonella* spp. was not isolated in the *C. gallina* samples which were collected from the

The highest levels of fecal coliform and *E. coli* within the total of 75 *R. venosa* samples analyzed were found in the samples collected during the months of August 2000 and 2001. In the samples of August 2000, *Salmonella* spp. was found positive in both samples of fecal

The maximum level of fecal coliform, total coliform, and *E. coli* were recorded in the *D. trunculus* and *C. gallina* samples in July, August, and September, 2006 (Altuğ et al., 2008). *Salmonella* spp. in the *D. trunculus* and *C. gallina* samples was detected only in July and

*S. typhimurium, S. enterica* ssp. *arizonae* and *S. enteritidis* also was isolated among the all

Three *(A. boyeri, S. porcus and S.smaris)* of the 94 unit fish samples analyzed were found positive for *Salmonella* spp. in 1999. All of the *Salmonella* spp. positive samples also had indicator bacteria more than 104 fecal coliform /100 ml. All the isolated strains from the fish

The overall prevalence of *Salmonella* spp. was 9.01%, with the highest occurrence in seawater

Thirty two of 64 *Salmonella* isolates (50%) showed resistance to Imipenem (21 isolates), Ampicillin (22 isolates), Cefotaxim (19 isolates), Ceftriaxon (11 isolates), and Ceftazidim (18 isolates) acid (9 isolates), with nine of these isolates displaying multiple resistance to four of

coliform and *E. coli;* however, *Salmonella* spp. was not isolated in the other samples.

was isolated only in July 2006 and June 2007.

bacteria higher than 104 fecal coliform /100 ml (Table 2).

western part of the Black Sea, Turkey in 1998 and 1999**.**

isolated strains from the shellfish samples.

samples were *S. enterica* ssp. *arizonae*.

(13%), shellfish (3.29 %), followed by fish (2.13%).

fecal coliform /100 ml.

in the seawater samples.

summarized in Table 3.

**3.2 Shellfish** 

August 2006.

**3.3 Fish** 

these antibiotics.

While the highest Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) was found in the bacteria isolated in seawater which was taken from the Golden Horn Estuary, Istanbul, the bacteria isolated from northern part of the Sea of Marmara and coastal areas of Istanbul respectively followed it.


Table 2. The frequency of *Salmonella* spp. (cfu/25 ml; cfu/25 g) and fecal coliform bacteria (cfu/100 ml) in the samples

The Occurrence of Salmonella in Various Marine Environments in Turkey 85

TESTS *Salmonella* spp. *Salmonella* spp.

GGA - - IMLTa - - ELLM - - ILATa - - *APPA: Ala-Phe-Pro-ARYLAMIDASE; ADO: ADONITOL; PyrA: L-Pyrrolydonyl-ARYLAMIDASE; IARL: L-ARABITOL; dCEL: D-CELLOBIOSE; BGAL: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; H2S: H2S PRODUCTION; BNAG: BETA-ACETYL-GLUCOSAMINIDASE; AGLTp: Glutamyl Arylamidase pNA; dGLU; D-GLUCOSE; GGT: GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSFERASE; OFF: FERMENTATION/GLUCOSE; BGLU: BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; dMAL: D-MALTOSE; dMAN: D-MANNITOL; dMNE: D-MANNOSE; BXYL: BETA-XYLOSIDASE; BAlap: BETA-Alanine arylamidase pNA; ProA: L-Proline ARYLAMIDASE; LIP: LIPASE; PLE: PALATINOSE; TyrA: Tyrosine ARYLAMIDASE; URE: UREASE; dSOR: D-SORBITOL; SAC: SACCHAROSE/SUCROSE; dTAG: D-TAGATOSE; dTRE: D-TRHALOSE; CIT: CITRATE (SODIUM); MNT: MALONATE; 5KG: 5-KETO-D-GLUCONATE; ILATk: L-LACTATE alkalinisation; AGLU: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE; SUCT: SUCCINATE alkalinisation; NAGA: Beta-N-NCETYL-GALACTOSAMINIDASE; AGAL: ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE; PHOS: PHOSPHATASE; GlyA: Glycine ARYLAMIDASE; ODC: ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; LDC: LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE; IHISa: L-HISTIDINE assimilation; CMT: COUMARATE; BGUR: BETA-GLUCORONIDASE; O129R: O/ 129 RESISTANCE (comp.vibrio); GGAA: Glu-Gyl-Arg-ARYLAMIDASE; IMLTa: L-MALATE assimilation; ELLM: ELLMAN; ILATa: L-*

Table 3. Biochemical characteristics of some isolated *Salmonella* spp which were identified using GN cards in the automated biochemical identification system VITEK 2 Compact 30

The frequency of *Salmonella* spp. according to their exposure to environmental factors in the areas from which they were isolated were different. For instance, higher indicator bacteria and *Salmonella* spp. abundance was found in the coastal stations compared to the offshore areas. The *Salmonella* spp. prevalence in a total of 832 samples of seawater (495), shellfish (243), and fish (94) which were collected from six sites between 1998 and 2010 exhibited diversity according to geographical areas. The coastal areas which were under the influence of biological pollution with respect to heavy inland population displayed higher levels of

Enteric bacteria of sewage origin undergo a sudden osmotic shock when they enter seawater and may adapt their metabolism to the new medium by means of their osmoregulation systems. This ability of enteric bacteria aids them in gaining resistance to salt in sea environments and increases their probability of survival (Munro et al., 1989). The presence of a negative relationship between salinity concentration and the number of enteric bacteria

In this study, the influence of salinity on the presence of *Salmonella* spp. associated with water samples was also investigated. In the Sea of Marmara it was possible to isolate *Salmonella* spp. from the under and upper stratification of various localities which possessed salinity values between 24.0 psu and 39.2 psu during the study. The bacteria levels determined in water samples taken from under the halocline layer in the Sea of Marmara were sometimes found to be higher in comparison to sea water samples taken from 0-30 cm. The higher bacteria levels found in the undercurrent were considered to be a result of deep discharge systems carrying domestic waste products. Hydrographic changeable parameters

in sea medium has been determined (Carlucci et al., 1960, APHA 1998, Bitton 2005)

*LACTATE assimilation* 

(Biomereux, France)

*Salmonella* spp. than the offshore areas.

**4. Conclusion** 



*APPA: Ala-Phe-Pro-ARYLAMIDASE; ADO: ADONITOL; PyrA: L-Pyrrolydonyl-ARYLAMIDASE; IARL: L-ARABITOL; dCEL: D-CELLOBIOSE; BGAL: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; H2S: H2S PRODUCTION; BNAG: BETA-ACETYL-GLUCOSAMINIDASE; AGLTp: Glutamyl Arylamidase pNA; dGLU; D-GLUCOSE; GGT: GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSFERASE; OFF: FERMENTATION/GLUCOSE; BGLU: BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; dMAL: D-MALTOSE; dMAN: D-MANNITOL; dMNE: D-MANNOSE; BXYL: BETA-XYLOSIDASE; BAlap: BETA-Alanine arylamidase pNA; ProA: L-Proline ARYLAMIDASE; LIP: LIPASE; PLE: PALATINOSE; TyrA: Tyrosine ARYLAMIDASE; URE: UREASE; dSOR: D-SORBITOL; SAC: SACCHAROSE/SUCROSE; dTAG: D-TAGATOSE; dTRE: D-TRHALOSE; CIT: CITRATE (SODIUM); MNT: MALONATE; 5KG: 5-KETO-D-GLUCONATE; ILATk: L-LACTATE alkalinisation; AGLU: ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE; SUCT: SUCCINATE alkalinisation; NAGA: Beta-N-NCETYL-GALACTOSAMINIDASE; AGAL: ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE; PHOS: PHOSPHATASE; GlyA: Glycine ARYLAMIDASE; ODC: ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; LDC: LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE; IHISa: L-HISTIDINE assimilation; CMT: COUMARATE; BGUR: BETA-GLUCORONIDASE; O129R: O/ 129 RESISTANCE (comp.vibrio); GGAA: Glu-Gyl-Arg-ARYLAMIDASE; IMLTa: L-MALATE assimilation; ELLM: ELLMAN; ILATa: L-LACTATE assimilation* 

Table 3. Biochemical characteristics of some isolated *Salmonella* spp which were identified using GN cards in the automated biochemical identification system VITEK 2 Compact 30 (Biomereux, France)
