**6. Anti-***Salmonella* **activity of plant extract**

Chemical compound of the plant extract or essential oils has revealed the presence of several ingredients, most of which posses important antimicrobial properties (Botsoglou et al., 2003; Exarchou et al., 2002). Many studied claim that the phenolic compound in herb and spice significantly contributed to their properties (Hara-Kudo et al., 2004). Twenty-five extracts (accounting for 54% of the 46 test extract as 20 dietary spices and 26 medical herbs) reported by Shan et al. (2007) showed inhibitory activity against *S. anatum* (mean=7.2 mm; 4.7–19.2 mm) with correlate the content of phenolic compound at *R2* value of 0.86. Based on the results of chemical composition of the essential oil from *Zataria multiflora* Boiss, can also conclude that the anti-*S. typhi* ATCC 19430 nature of the essential oil studied is apparently related to its high phenolic contents, particularly carvacrol and thymol (Sharififar et al., 2007). Acidic environment enhanced the antibacterial activity of *Filipendula ulmaria* extract when it was tested against *S. enteritidis* PT4, which watermethanol extract from *F. ulmaria* contains a variety of phenolic compounds, such as caffeic, p-coumaric, vanillic acid and myricetin, etc, which demonstrate antibacterial activity (Boziaris et al.,2011).

Out of all the three solvent (hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) used for extract Mauritians flora, the methanol extracts showed relative good anti-bacterial activities, most particularly against *S. enteritidis* (Rangasamy et al., 2007). The aqueous extract of leaf of *Coccinia indica* could be used against *Salmonella*, while no activity was shown by solvent extract (ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform) (Hussain et al., 2010). From twenty-two medicinal herb species traditionally used in Korea to treat gastrointestinal infections studied, only the aqueous and methanolic extracts of *Schizandrae fructus* exhibited

Plant organ Plant Main chemical composition

Aerial part Basil, peppermint, spearmint Linalool, manthol, carvone

Roots Vetiver, saussurea, valerian Khusimol, -selinene, bornyl

Chemical compound of the plant extract or essential oils has revealed the presence of several ingredients, most of which posses important antimicrobial properties (Botsoglou et al., 2003; Exarchou et al., 2002). Many studied claim that the phenolic compound in herb and spice significantly contributed to their properties (Hara-Kudo et al., 2004). Twenty-five extracts (accounting for 54% of the 46 test extract as 20 dietary spices and 26 medical herbs) reported by Shan et al. (2007) showed inhibitory activity against *S. anatum* (mean=7.2 mm; 4.7–19.2 mm) with correlate the content of phenolic compound at *R2* value of 0.86. Based on the results of chemical composition of the essential oil from *Zataria multiflora* Boiss, can also conclude that the anti-*S. typhi* ATCC 19430 nature of the essential oil studied is apparently related to its high phenolic contents, particularly carvacrol and thymol (Sharififar et al., 2007). Acidic environment enhanced the antibacterial activity of *Filipendula ulmaria* extract when it was tested against *S. enteritidis* PT4, which watermethanol extract from *F. ulmaria* contains a variety of phenolic compounds, such as caffeic, p-coumaric, vanillic acid and myricetin, etc, which demonstrate antibacterial

Out of all the three solvent (hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) used for extract Mauritians flora, the methanol extracts showed relative good anti-bacterial activities, most particularly against *S. enteritidis* (Rangasamy et al., 2007). The aqueous extract of leaf of *Coccinia indica* could be used against *Salmonella*, while no activity was shown by solvent extract (ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform) (Hussain et al., 2010). From twenty-two medicinal herb species traditionally used in Korea to treat gastrointestinal infections studied, only the aqueous and methanolic extracts of *Schizandrae fructus* exhibited

Linalool, citronellol, bezyl acetate, -pinene, -bisabolol

Limonene, -terpineol, citral,

linalool, carvone, sabinene, (E) anethole, -Phellandrene

Cinnamaldehyde, Thujopsene,


Zingiberene, 1,8-cineole, -asarone, turmerone, methylcinnamate

Eucalyptol, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, patchoulol,

geranial

limonene

acetate

Flower Neroli, rose, jasmine, rosemary,

Leaves Eucalyptus, tea tree, patchouli, verbena

Fruit Bergamot, juniper, lemon, mandarin

Bark and wood Cinnnamon, cedarwood,

Rhizomes Ginger, galanga, calamus,

**6. Anti-***Salmonella* **activity of plant extract** 

activity (Boziaris et al.,2011).

Seed Coriander, caraway,

lavender, chamomile

nutmeg, fennel, angelica

sandalwood, pine

curcuma, kaempferia,

Table 1. Essential oils in each plant organ (Base on Krishnasamy, 2008)

antibacterial activity against all three *Salmonella* serotypes (*S. typhi* ATCC 19943, S*. paratyphi* A and *S. gallinarum* ATCC 9184) (Lee et al., 2006).

In India, Mahida & Mohan (2007) described that the methanol *Manilkara hexandra*, *Wrightia tomentora* and *Xanthium strumarium* extracts displayed MIC value of 2 mg/mL for *S. paratyphi* A whereas the methanol *Schrebera swietenoiides* and *Wrightia tomentora* showed MIC value of 4 mg/mL for *S. typhi*. The result studied by N'guessan et al. (2007) showed bactericidal effect of the aqueous extract of *Thonningia sanguinea* for all the multiple drug resistance *Salmonella* strains (*S. typhi*, *S. hadar* and *S. typhimurium)* and sensitive tested strains (*S. enteritidis*). The *S. typhimurium* strain was also found to be sensitive to extracts of *Acacia nilotica*, *Syzygium aromaticum* and *Cinnamum zeylanicum*, in Khan et al. (2009). The petroleum ether extract of *Pedalium murex* Linn exhibits the activity at 300-500 mg/disc against the *S. paratyphi A* and at 500 mg/disc against the *S. paratyphi B* (Nalini et al., 2011). Furthermore, the root of the *Euphorbia balsamifera* has high activity against the *S. typhimurium* when compared with the leaves and stems extracts (Kamba & Hassa, 2010). In contrast, the extract of eucalyptus from root, leave and stem had exhibited activity against *S. typhi* (Evans et al., 2002).
