Meet the editors

Dr Ahmad Zaghal is an assistant professor of clinical surgery and pediatric surgeon at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Lebanon. After completing his training in general surgery at AUBMC, he completed a two-year fellowship in pediatric surgery at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, US; following which he completed another fellowship in pediatric surgery and urology at Chelsea and West-

minster Hospital in London. Dr Zaghal is a fellow of the Higher Education Academy (May 2019), certified by the European Board of Pediatric Surgery (Oct 2017) and the Lebanese Board of General Surgery (Mar 2016). Dr Zaghal has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, and authored several chapters on general and pediatric surgery.

Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Urologist Miss Nishat Rahman is a Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Urologist at Chelsea and Westminster and Imperial College Hospitals in London. She studied medicine at King's College London and completed her specialist training in Paediatric Surgery in the London region having trained in Great Ormond Street, King's College, St. George's and Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, qualifying as a

Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of England in Paediatric Surgery in 2011. She gained further sub-specialisation by completing a Royal College of Surgeons Paediatric Urology Fellowship. During her training she was awarded a Research Fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons studying bladder physiology. Nishat has extensive experience in paediatric urology and is amongst the few Paediatric Robotic surgeons in the UK.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Mpho Keetile*

*by Reem Aldamanhori*

*by Ruth Mielke*

Male Circumcision and Infection

**Section 2**

*by Özer Birge and Aliye Nigar Serin*

*by Shazia Moosa and Lubna Samad*

Scaling Safe Circumcisions in Communities

**Preface III**

Circumcision and the Community **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 27**

Complications of Circumcision **39**

**Chapter 4 41**

**Chapter 5 57**

The Relationship between Female Circumcision and the Religion

Voluntary Medical Safe Male Circumcision for HIV/AIDS Prevention

in Botswana: Background, Patterns, and Determinants

Rare Yet Devastating Complications of Circumcision

## Contents


Preface

The oldest documented evidence of prophylactic male circumcision comes from ancient Egypt more than 6000 years ago, as well as from other ethnic roots such as Sub-equatorial Africa where circumcision was performed on adolescent boys to celebrate their transition to adulthood. On the other hand, ancient Greeks considered circumcision an utter mutilation of God's perfect creation. The Judaism and Islamic faiths reinforced routine infant circumcision. Cultural circumcision found its way to North America in the late 1800s fueled by the fear of sexually transmitted

The world remains divided between advocates and opponents of circumcision. Some have viciously fought against circumcision, whereas others pumped huge funds into programs to circumcise men in HIV endemic countries in an attempt to

This book tackles non-medical male circumcision with emphasis on its relationship

**Ahmad Zaghal, MD, FEBPS, FHEA**

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital,

Beirut, Lebanon

**Nishat Rahman**

United Kingdom

American University of Beirut Medical Center,

to communities and ethnicities from a public health viewpoint.

diseases, cancer, and as a "cure" for masturbation.

curb its transmission.
