Section 2 Epidemiology

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

*and Mohammad Sudomo*

underdiagnosed and not reported.

*Echinococcus ortleppi*, incidence

**1. Introduction**

**13**

Echinococcosis: Past and Present

In Asia, Southeast Asia is reported as a non-endemic area of the parasite. However, several indigenous echinococcoses in human and animals were reported in several countries, such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Most human infections are caused by *Echinococcus granulosus* and only two cases with *E. ortleppi.* There was no evidence case with *E. multilocularis* in Southeast Asia. *Echinococcus granulosus* infection is prevalent in areas that association with dogs and livestocks that close contact with dogs. The incidence is very low. A total of 49 cases of echinococcosis was identified in Southeast Asia from 1885 to 2015. Of which, at least 31 cases were indigenous, 14 cases were imported, and 4 cases were unknown. Thailand is the most prevalent country with echinococcosis in human, followed by very low incidence in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia and Lao PDR. However, it is very difficult to estimate the real number of human echinococcosis case in Southeast Asia due to the long asymptomatic period that is usually >5 years.

The disease may be more prevalent in Southeast Asia; however, they were

Echinococcosis (hydatidosis) is one of the neglected zoonosis caused by adult or

(G6–G10), *E. vogeli*, *E. oligarthrus*, *E. multilocularis*, *E. shiquicus* and *E. felidis.* Three among them, *E. granulosus*, *E. multilocularis*, and *E. ortleppi*, have a medical importance and cause alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) [4–6]*.* Human alveolar echinococcosis has limited distribution in the northern hemisphere,

Southeast Asia is reported as non-endemic area of the parasite. However, several indigenous echinococcoses in human and animals were reported in several countries, such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia,

larval stage of the cestodes belonging to the genus *Echinococcus* of the family Taeniidae [1–3]. At least nine species of *Echinococcus* have been recognized, including *Echinococcus granulosus* sensu stricto (GI [sheep strain], G2 [Tasmanian sheep strain], G3 [buffalo strain]), *E. equinus* (G4), *E. ortleppi* (G5), *E. canadensis*

while cystic echinococcosis is more widely distributed and cosmopolitan,

particularly in countries of the temperate zones.

**Keywords:** echinococcosis, Southeast Asia, *Echinococcus granulosus*,

Situation in Southeast Asia

*Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Mujiyanto Mujiyanto*

## **Chapter 2**
