**Author details**

*Multidisciplinary Approach for Colorectal Cancer*

evidence of plausible mechanisms in humans [8].

low consumption of non-starchy vegetables and fruits.

*6.2.1 Mechanism*

**7. Conclusion**

prevent lipid peroxidation [65].

apoptosis, likely by influencing different cell-signaling pathways [4, 62]. Calcium may also prevent colonic K-ras mutations and inhibit haem-induced promotion of colon carcinogenesis [63, 64]. In addition, calcium also inhibits oxidative DNA

**"Supplementation" as the content under "Vitamins" in Section 3 is related** 

There is evidence that consuming multivitamin supplements might decrease the risk of CRC cancer [8]. However, the evidence is limited but generally consistent [8]. One RCT in men reported a nonsignificant inverse association for multivitamin supplementation compared to placebo. The analysis of highest versus lowest users of supplements showed a significant decreased risk of CRC. One published metaanalysis on CRC and colon cancer reported significant inverse associations. There is

Multivitamin supplements consist of a combination of several, or in some instances, many vitamins, thereby making it challenging to determine what exactly the active ingredient is. Numerous vitamins included in multivitamin supplements have been shown to neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species and to

Based on the dietary- and lifestyle-related evidence presented, there is convincing evidence that PA decreases the risk of developing CRC, while the consumption of processed meat increases risk. In addition, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is a convincing cause of CRC, as is higher body fatness. Probable evidence regarding a decreased risk for the development of CRC is available for the consumption of wholegrains, foods containing dietary fiber, dairy products, and calcium supplements. There is also probable evidence that the consumption of red meat probably causes CRC. Limited suggestive evidence regarding the prevention of CRC exists for foods containing vitamin C and vitamin D and taking a multivitamin supplement, while the same level of evidence for increasing CRC risk is related to a

For the prevention of cancer, it is recommended that the general population should strive toward maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, eating a variety of foods, and limiting alcohol intake. However, recommendations aimed at the prevention of CRC, include keeping body weight within a healthy range, being physically active, making wholegrains, vegetables, fruit, and legumes a major part of the usual diet, and limiting the consumption of fast foods and other processed foods high in fat, starches, and sugars. Furthermore, red meat should be consumed in moderate amounts, while little if any processed meat should be consumed. It is best not to drink alcohol and not using supplements for the prevention of CRC.

The author has no conflict of interest associated with this publication.

damage and modulates CRC-related cell-signaling pathways [4].

**6.2 Multivitamins-multivitamins were kept under the heading of** 

**to vitamins derived from whole foods and not supplements**

**18**

**Conflict of interest**

Susanna Maria Kassier Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

\*Address all correspondence to: kassiers@ukzn.ac.za

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
