Acknowledgements

I take this opportunity to heartily thank all those who lent hands in any way for finishing this book project. First and foremost, I am thankful to Co-editor, Prof. Dilip R. Peshwe, Head, Professor of Metallurgical-Materials Engineering, VNIT, for a whole-hearted co-editorship job.

It gives me immense pleasure to recognize the keen and genuine contributions of all authors that made this book a reality. I am grateful to Ms. Jasna Bozic, Author Service Manager, IntechOpen publisher for sustaining incessant contact between authors and editors.

I am indebted and obliged to each of the below mentioned people who have had a huge impact in my academic, research, and professional career for their backing, encouragement, and support, no doubt being precious, graceful, and highly blissful.

Prof. R. B. Kharat Ex-Director, Institute of Science, Nagpur-22, MS. India.

Prof. K.SN. Munshi Ex- Head Department of Chemistry, Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.

Prof. M.G. Paranjape Ex-Head Department of Chemistry, Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.

Dr. D. S. Ramteke Ex-Head EIRA-Division, NEERI, Nagpur-440020, MS., India.

I pay special gratitude to family friend Shamim Sheikh and well-wishers Aslam Bhaij, Nagpur for their encouragement, inspiring words, and appreciations.

Last but not the least; I express deep gratitude to my adorable parents, beloved wife Ulka, angel daughter Isha and my siblings for their invaluable care, love, and priceless moral support. Above all, I thank the Almighty for the unlimited showers of blessing.

This book is dedicated to late Sir Stephen William Hawking, a great physicist, cosmologist and Director of the Research Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, Cambridge University, UK.

**VI**

methylene blue dye.

materials for progressive advancement of S&T.

solution. g-C3N4 has unique semiconducting features such as large and tunable band gaps beside apt salts intercalation best suitable for photo-catalytic actions. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a 2-D inorganic ternary nano-composite putting trivalent cations within brucite-like layers with net positive charge onto surfaces. LDH is lamellar metal hydroxide materials consisting of carbonates and water intercalated in interlayer galleries. 2D organic gC3N4 is intercalated into 2D inorganic LDH imparts frame heterojunctions, which improved photo-catalytic activity of nitrogen-rich g-C3N4 intercalated LDH towards direct degradation of dye through photo excitation, oxidation, and reduction by visible light absorption. The authors claimed to have advanced photocatalytic activity due to more charge separation rate and huge photo-induced electrons collectively leading to effective degradation of

The perspective involved in each chapter is scholar, meticulous, and unambiguous for which the editors are genuinely thankful to all contributing authors for making their efforts instructive as well as practicable. This book will direct multidisciplinary researchers to recognize aspects of assorted dimensional reconfigurable

**Dr. Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre**

Department of Chemistry, RTM Nagpur University,

**Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe**

Department of Metallurgy,

Maharashtra, India

India

Professor,

VNIT,

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

Materials

**beyond it**

significantly augmented.

twenty-first century.

Introductory Chapter: Assorted

Dimensional Reconfigurable

*Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip R. Peshwe*

**1. New trends in futuristic 2D material matrixes: to graphene and** 

The reconfigured matrixes begin a crucial research domain, as it is a need and necessity of new materials to crack challenges in domestic, food-packing industry, environment, computer, engineering and technological for twenty-first century and beyond [1]. Functional material matrixes play a major role in tackling such confronts, solution to the harmful environmental pollution, for light-weight aerocraft components, sustainable constructions, energy-generation/storage, foodpackaging, and space journey [1, 2]. Finding of materials endure non-stop R&D as growth and usage of novel multifunctional materials is quite vast. Identifying the worth and prospective of functionality for the progress of futuristic materials, global researchers ever explores many materials milieu. Without doubt, lots of fields apprehend merit of functional reinforcements in materials to derive varied utility including nanotechnology, shape memory, ferroelectric, electronic, thermal, conductor, insulator, opto-electric, magnetic, phase-change and biology [1–3]. Science and technological progressions were persistent from past few millenniums and amplify with great tempo in twenty-first century. In this advanced nanotechnology era discovery of more practical and sustainable novel materials are

Profuse 2D materials can capably alter into splendid matrixes in practical mode with innate development in nano-scale and atomic-level applications [4]. Graphene's 2D skeleton has inspired great interests in reinforcement of many 2D/3D templates famed as recent "alchemy" attempts to modify all possible periodic table elements into creative and applied matrixes. Such reconfigured 2D/3D matrixes endowed diverse devices, tools and gadgets leads to finer quality and superior optical encoder outputs for assorted industrial usages. Yet, core stability and large size restraints applicability of graphene, which can be overcome by some changes like functionalization and substrate-based reinforcement in 2D frameworks. 2D/3D materials seek special innovations to correct limiting features through synthetic reconfigurations due for deviceproduction approach like hetero-structure advancements being practical for novel applications and opportunities [5]. Introductory chapter is an overview of recent avenues for 2D/3D matrix owing assorted alterations, reconfigurations and designing to get diversified applications in advancement of S&T in

## **Chapter 1**
