**2D-2D Metal - Non-Metal Matrix**

The research group of *K. Bhuvaneswari* intercalated organic matrixes such as 2-D graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) into LDHs to get a blend of organic matrixes being used as a photo-catalyst for degradation of methylene-blue dye from aqueous

**IV**

and PSCs solar cells.

**3-D Metal - Non-Metal Matrix**

material by virtue of altering its physical, mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, and electronic properties. In general, reinforced material matrixes contain three nanoporous skeletons, namely: 3-D/zero dimensional (e.g., particle, grain, shell, capsule, ring, and colloidal), 2-D/one dimension (e.g., quasi crystal, nanorod, filament, tubes and quantum wire), and 1-D/two dimensional (e.g., disc, platelet,

This chapter cited many smart matrixes yielded through rational designing of flexible materials skeletons for innovative findings in many domains including sensor, photo-detector, LED, laser, FET, physics, catalysis, biomedicine, environmental, aerospace, and construction. The introductory chapter overviews assorted 1D/2D/3D matrixes, which appeared to be best choice for soft and hard composites besides modernization of many fields including bio-electronic/optic, drug therapy, medical product, tissue engineering, smart battery, super-capacitor, electro-catalyst, bio-adsorbent, and manufacturing. While going through this chapter and the entire book, researchers will be aware of the superiority of reconfigured matrixes by virtue of designed features such as better load reassignments, tailored interfaces, increased strength, heat protection, and impactful solidity viable at low cost with end-use components. In a nutshell, reconfigured material matrixes are promising and notable due to novel advancements and a myriad of utility in futuristic S&T.

Energy is the crucial and universal input to drive life/routine cycles of human and nature. Conventional energy generating sources are nonrenewable as the native reserves are depleting extensively in addition to fossil-fuel burning that causes serious challenges such as global-warming and environmental pollution, so in this perspective energy generated through green resources is inevitable. Nonconservative renewable energy resources (such as solar and wind) are inexhaustible and abundant and this leads to a viable solution for such environment threats. In the light of the serious issue of energy generation through green sources, the research group of *Tahira Mahmood* presented a good summary of the newest progress in 2-D graphene reinforced nano-metal oxide based composite to be used as emerging feedstock for making photo-anodes in 3G advanced solar-cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While discussing their investigation data, considerable attention was given to potential turn-key solutions to address burning challenges involved in making cheap and efficient photo-anodic substitutes for usual platinum electrodes. Many approaches are discussed in this respect, including the superior materials obtained through graphene matrix in designing novel counter electrodes in 3rd generation solar cells. Amid new materials with potential utility in promising 3G solar cells, graphene derivatives are worthy due to unique features such as conducting anodic potential and electron donor and acceptor characters. The authors have discussed the driving factors such as increasing charge transportations and reducing charge recombination viable for enhancing the performance of graphene nanocomposite as a photo-anode/electrode in DSSCs

*Lourduraj Stephen's* chapter has involved research to improve performance of 3-D metal-non-metal matrixes obtained through nano-technologically induced skeletal

ultrathin film, super lattice, and quantum well).

**2-D Graphene Based Matrix**

solution. g-C3N4 has unique semiconducting features such as large and tunable band gaps beside apt salts intercalation best suitable for photo-catalytic actions. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a 2-D inorganic ternary nano-composite putting trivalent cations within brucite-like layers with net positive charge onto surfaces. LDH is lamellar metal hydroxide materials consisting of carbonates and water intercalated in interlayer galleries. 2D organic gC3N4 is intercalated into 2D inorganic LDH imparts frame heterojunctions, which improved photo-catalytic activity of nitrogen-rich g-C3N4 intercalated LDH towards direct degradation of dye through photo excitation, oxidation, and reduction by visible light absorption. The authors claimed to have advanced photocatalytic activity due to more charge separation rate and huge photo-induced electrons collectively leading to effective degradation of methylene blue dye.

The perspective involved in each chapter is scholar, meticulous, and unambiguous for which the editors are genuinely thankful to all contributing authors for making their efforts instructive as well as practicable. This book will direct multidisciplinary researchers to recognize aspects of assorted dimensional reconfigurable materials for progressive advancement of S&T.
