**8. Reincarnated quantum states in 3D materials**

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

characteristics as shown in **Table 1**. Such freestanding material matrixes gained terrific interests due to distinct nano-skeleton and shrink dimensionality, special physico-chemical features and indent modern applications. Reconfigured 2D metal system hold inherently bonding akin to 3D scale, thus emerged as thermodynamically stable atypical single layer (cross-size <2 nm) matrixes. Tiny 2D metal matrixes are tricky for practical applications, while steady high surface-volume reinforcement augment innate thickness from 0.8 nm to 50 nm and lateral dimension from 20 nm to 8000 nm with aspect ratio from 10 to 1000, thus defeats thermodynamic stability barrier. Despite geometry/morphology restraints reconfigured 2D metal matrix showed unusual features like eminent electrical/heat conductance, great flexibility and proactive surface which is best for flexible electronics and clean energy production. Reinforced 2D Au/Ag-Bi metal matrixes shows profound surface

Bottom-up mechanical compression, nanolithography, top-down solution-base chemical methods are used in reinforcement of 2D metal alloy and glass in bulk amounts. Assorted synthetic reinforcements are used to direct geometry of 2D metal matrixes as nano-sheets, membranes and films. Masking agent also controls film deposition and results desired shape 2D surfaces like Ag-C matrix, ultra-thin nano-TiO2 sheet, silicon nano-sheet, high entropy alloy, ZrCuAlNi, and SiC ceramic. PolySlide Company yields reinforced composite-tubes and optional metallic feedstock to be used in making of pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders. PolySlide tubes are blend of filament-glass fiber with resins due for unusual aspects like dynamic component, non-conductive, good dimensional stability, non-corrosive and impingement resistance beside sustainability at extreme conditions viz.; high/ low temperature, oil/grease, grit, salt and acid/base chemicals. Such reinforced cylinder owes size range from 0.25-in. inner diameter till industrial grade 24-in. diameter. PolySlide tubing found to prevent galling which let sealing slide over applied surface contour and reduces knit friction. Some reinforcements are derived through frameworks like wound glass-fiber, resin and polytetrafluoroethylene in many matrixes viz.; composite tubing, bearing and pneumatic cylinder. Such matrixes are preferred over metals due to unique features like huge load-bearing capacity, little friction, non-corrosive, resistant, self-lubricant and no-greasing. Reinforced matrixes reinstate metal usages for making special things like building equipment, mining/farming wheels, compact track loader, excavator, back-hoes

plasmon resonance being best for LSPR-sensors applications.

implement, applicator, cart and spreaders [15].

PSBEE based 2D process Titanium dope high

Confine growth method using organic ligands

**Reconfigured methods Metal used Thickness** 

**(nm)**

2D milieu-confined growth Gold 2.4 200–500 80–200 Hydrothermal Rhodium 0.4 500–600 1000–1500 Nano-particle assembly Platinum 10 50–100 5–10 Mechanical compression Aluminum 2 7300 ∼3500 Exfoliation Antimony 4 1000 250

*Relative analysis of thickness and in-plane dimension of 2D metal matrixes yield via different methods [13, 14].*

alloy/glass, FeCoNiCrNb

Palladium 0.8 100–200 100–200 Silver 2 500 250 Copper 2 20 ∼10

10–50 104

**Lateral size (nm)**

to 107 102

**Aspect ratio**

to 106

**10**

**Table 1.**

Several 3D superconducting quantum materials are reincarnated as electronic "energy stacks" being active at 2D topological surfaces [13]. Every recreated energy stack own special states viable for 2D quantum Hall effect viable for mesoscopic transportation in quasi-1D matrix through maintained parity and time-reversal symmetries (controlled by energy gain and loss). Quantum movement in reincarnated matrix is analyzed by non-Hermitian system only in unbroken phases (not for broken phases) in the energy band using exceptional points. As broken phase allowed spontaneous symmetry states wherein cross-stitch matrix is separated into two identical single lattices equivalent to degenerate eigen states. In quantum phases of matter, intrinsic interfaces exist amongst electrons as quite complex than classical atomic and molecular interactions [16].

Michael Faraday study of light and matter interaction onto thin gold leaf showed faint ruby color fluid production was the first ever reported quantum states, too supported its validity [13–16]. Today quantum physics and computing have certified such quantum things a bit more irony, as formerly noted as unbelievable. Superconductivity is observed in many such reincarnated quantum matrixes such as quark-gluon, simple plasma, degenerate matter, Bose-Einstein condensate and quantum-spin liquid. However, quantum spin liquids are surprising due to never aligned but continuously oscillating electron spins even at the lowest absolute zero (as normal matter's spin get frozen). This quantum spin liquid is valuable and practical reincarnated electronic matter at quantum scale due to superior electronic applications and quantum mechanical impacts. Modern S&T have reconfigured many 1/2/3D materials like ballistic LaAlO3/SrTiO3 conductors, quantum hall phased graphene-SrTiO3 matrix and magnon stretch graphene being gifted with unique features like planned quantum state, regimented magnetic stimulations and unique electrical conductance [17]. Advanced nanotechnology generates magnon spread viable for quantum Hall effect or ferromagnetism across the bulk path all over graphene reinforced magnetic phases due to survival of 2D excited electron waves at low temperature. Scientists has reinforced prolong spin-wave guides in-out of quantum hall edge channel via electro-magnetically regimented quantum states across insulated anti-ferromagnetic phases of 2D graphene.

In twenty-first century, many properties of quantum nature of matter were either ignored or unknown earlier are ever explored due to endowed applications in many quantum fields including computing, sensing, teleportation, and communication [1, 13–17]. Reincarnated quantum states offer electric potential with finetuned state marking transition to topological order along with paternal quantum entanglement as viable for quantum Hall effect through such reconfigured 2D/3D matrixes. Scientists have reincarnated remarkable quantum Hall effect in topological superconductors to be used in futuristic fault-tolerant quantum computers. Reincarnated stable state matrixes own quantum entangled storage and process information which aids creation of quantum computing. Physicists had discovered 2D/3D phased topological materials for quantum hall effect and then reincarnated "energy stacks" of 2D electronic states in 3D superconductors for designing of quantum computing.

#### **9. Reconfigured matrixes for spintronic**

Spintronics is a gist of spin transport electronic which engaged in study of electron spin-fields allied magnetic moments as cogitated in semiconductor based electronic transistors and metal derived solid-state devices, since from 1990

(multiferroics akin in insulator) [18]. Spintronic vitally differs from usual electronics, since spin and charge are used as extra degree of freedom for data storage and transfer. Spintronic effect is mainly comprehended in thin magnetic semiconductors and certain magnetic alloys (2:1:1 copper, manganese and tin). Certain opticomagnetic matrixes are reinforced for spintronic including Heusler-alloy like Co2Mn-Si and more band-gap doped semiconductors like ZnO, TiO2 to be used in quantum and neuromorphic computing [5]. Spintronic matrixes reconfigured solid-state devices perform electron transportation through spin-fields and charges at quite speedy and inexpensive way due to less energy usages in spin transformations than current production. Manganese-gallium and arsenic non-oxide alloy has designed for unique interfacial resistance and tunnel barrier induce ferromagnetism utilized in quantum and neuromorphic computing. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactive spin orbit torques results robust interfacial magnetic skyrmion through many reinforced polycrystalline/amorphous matrixes like Pt/CoFe/MgO, Pt/Co/ AlOx CoFeB and Ta/CoFe/TaOx with chirality govern vertical anisotropic superior ferromagnetism. Novel antiferromagnetic matrix controls skyrmion Hall dynamics and aids certain designing criteria like low damping, great thermal stability, larger voltage ruled magnetic anisotropy, writability at low cost, readability and data storage/transfer being vital in making racetrack memory based skyrmionic devices [19]. Such reinforced matrixes offer lots of incentives in getting high density memory based advanced devices through designed big spin Hall angle and electric field exchange MRAM phenomenon.

## **10. Graphene for spintronic devices**

Graphene offers huge platform for designing spintronic based devices due to native augmented spin-dependent electron transportation with control spincurrent effect [20]. Spintronic device own spin-field channels obtained via atomic interactions of randomize electrons thus cart spin signals over transistor-scale. Reconfigured matrixes like Si-Ga-As and graphene generates such field-channels to cart signals with balance energy split amongst up and down spins [19]. But graphene offers remarkable features including big spin-time, strong spin-orbit precession, controlling spin-field swap, suitable spin relaxation path (sinking spin signal integrity) and compel equilibrium being vital in designing wise spintronic circuits/devices. Graphene reinforced cobalt matrix yield electrodes offer good contact and enhance nonlocal spin valve and superior spin transportation without any variation in spin-signals in micro-scale devices [20]. Due to cobalt scattering such graphene derived electrode own unique qualities like collateral interactions, reduce diffusion path and spin-relax alterations which aids carting of spin-signals upto 5 mm distance amongst all tested materials. Graphene-boron nitride reinforced matrix bids superb mechanical, optical, thermal, electric and magnetic properties like huge specific surface area, elevated Young's modulus, duel contact over an air-gap and reduce substrate interactions via self-supported layers being useful for lots of advancements in many fields including photo-electricity, catalysis and transistors. Rise of graphene has modernized technology and structural designs in spintronic/spin-current base devices/circuits including micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), energy-harvesting systems, sensors, actuators, ink-jet printers and flexible electronic as scalable silicon alternative. Such graphene reinforced matrixes have also replaced carbon-based nano-electronics and spin-based devices besides ferromagnetic and atomic switches. 2D graphene gave many advanced and novel dimensions to the material matrixes including nano-ribbon and nano-sheets wherein layers shrinks width < 10 nm owing band gap suitable in fabrication of

**13**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

transistor circuits. Assorted technological reinforcements endowed large surface active properties and non-zero band gaps thus makes graphene more beneficial than CNTs in MEMS/new electronic-device in last decade. Graphene derived all-spin logic-single micro/nano-electronics create whole spectrum of spintronic devices (low energy usage) beyond existing technologies. Reinforced graphene matrixes grow many novel applied technologies striking new market and applicability like spintronic and magneto-resistant hard disks are game changers in electron-

Conjugated polymers enter a new aspect in 2D material matrixes due to unique applicability in flexible electronics and soft robotics. Certain structurally reconfigured 2D conjugated polymers pave innovative growth in material science by virtue of superior electronic parameters [19, 20]. These conjugated polymeric reinforcement yields altered lattice symmetries and structural properties leads to progressive utilities of functional materials beyond graphene. Expertise domains of sciences like organic chemistry, condensed matter physics and nano-materials have teamed up so as to get special designed reconfigured 2D/3D material matrixes offering grand features as guessed hypothetically until now. Polyaniline (PANI) polymer reinforced 3D matrixes are developed for energy storage and induced rate electricity transport in especial gadgets like mobile, electric vehicles and power-grid [21]. PANI reinforced conductive electrodes and supercapacitors stores charge by exchanging electrons with ion through dopant material thus results in large energy storage through "pseudocapacitance" effect. Nano-carbontube is reinforced into PANI matrix to owe capable high energy densities designed for super-capacitor to be used in power storages. Futuristic global energy exploits such reconfigured matrix leading technologies for intermittent storage and high-power delivery

Carbide, nitride, silicene, germanene, stanene, black phosphorus and Zintl phase materials are few known 2D reconfigured matrixes called graphenes cousins offer gifted properties seek for spintronic and quantum computing [19–23].

Reinforced polymer based matrix are futuristic smart materials discovered for the prospective advancement in S&T. Nano-metal doped polymeric matrixes are best to be used as fillers due to designed parameters such as shear stress, shape, size, control-rate, concentration and time dependent non-Newtonian mechanics, shear-thinning and visco-plastic flow controls. Metal reinforced nano-materials own significant tuneable features including rheology as suitable for deriving advanced utilities in photo-voltaic, catalysis, optics, drug career, smart adsorbents and energy-storage devices. Bottom-up, self-directed assembly of polymer block is powerful mean for robust reconfiguration and well manipulation of desired matrixes. Nano-material based polymeric matrixes display amazing characters due to inbuilt atom-by-atom reinforcements being absent in usual bulk counterparts. Assorted dendrimer designing are achieved through click chemistry and nanotechnology, currently discovered promising reinforced polymeric matrixes for

**11. Reinforced polymer/dendrimer matrixes: current and future** 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

**10.1 Reconfigurable 2D/3D conjugated polymers**

devices for effective and broad potential applications.

**10.2 Graphene's cousins abet dream to reality**

**developments**

ics and optoelectronics by.

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

field exchange MRAM phenomenon.

**10. Graphene for spintronic devices**

(multiferroics akin in insulator) [18]. Spintronic vitally differs from usual electronics, since spin and charge are used as extra degree of freedom for data storage and transfer. Spintronic effect is mainly comprehended in thin magnetic semiconductors and certain magnetic alloys (2:1:1 copper, manganese and tin). Certain opticomagnetic matrixes are reinforced for spintronic including Heusler-alloy like Co2Mn-Si and more band-gap doped semiconductors like ZnO, TiO2 to be used in quantum and neuromorphic computing [5]. Spintronic matrixes reconfigured solid-state devices perform electron transportation through spin-fields and charges at quite speedy and inexpensive way due to less energy usages in spin transformations than current production. Manganese-gallium and arsenic non-oxide alloy has designed for unique interfacial resistance and tunnel barrier induce ferromagnetism utilized in quantum and neuromorphic computing. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactive spin orbit torques results robust interfacial magnetic skyrmion through many reinforced polycrystalline/amorphous matrixes like Pt/CoFe/MgO, Pt/Co/ AlOx CoFeB and Ta/CoFe/TaOx with chirality govern vertical anisotropic superior ferromagnetism. Novel antiferromagnetic matrix controls skyrmion Hall dynamics and aids certain designing criteria like low damping, great thermal stability, larger voltage ruled magnetic anisotropy, writability at low cost, readability and data storage/transfer being vital in making racetrack memory based skyrmionic devices [19]. Such reinforced matrixes offer lots of incentives in getting high density memory based advanced devices through designed big spin Hall angle and electric

Graphene offers huge platform for designing spintronic based devices due to native augmented spin-dependent electron transportation with control spincurrent effect [20]. Spintronic device own spin-field channels obtained via atomic interactions of randomize electrons thus cart spin signals over transistor-scale. Reconfigured matrixes like Si-Ga-As and graphene generates such field-channels to cart signals with balance energy split amongst up and down spins [19]. But graphene offers remarkable features including big spin-time, strong spin-orbit precession, controlling spin-field swap, suitable spin relaxation path (sinking spin signal integrity) and compel equilibrium being vital in designing wise spintronic circuits/devices. Graphene reinforced cobalt matrix yield electrodes offer good contact and enhance nonlocal spin valve and superior spin transportation without any variation in spin-signals in micro-scale devices [20]. Due to cobalt scattering such graphene derived electrode own unique qualities like collateral interactions, reduce diffusion path and spin-relax alterations which aids carting of spin-signals upto 5 mm distance amongst all tested materials. Graphene-boron nitride reinforced matrix bids superb mechanical, optical, thermal, electric and magnetic properties like huge specific surface area, elevated Young's modulus, duel contact over an air-gap and reduce substrate interactions via self-supported layers being useful for lots of advancements in many fields including photo-electricity, catalysis and transistors. Rise of graphene has modernized technology and structural designs in spintronic/spin-current base devices/circuits including micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), energy-harvesting systems, sensors, actuators, ink-jet printers and flexible electronic as scalable silicon alternative. Such graphene reinforced matrixes have also replaced carbon-based nano-electronics and spin-based devices besides ferromagnetic and atomic switches. 2D graphene gave many advanced and novel dimensions to the material matrixes including nano-ribbon and nano-sheets wherein layers shrinks width < 10 nm owing band gap suitable in fabrication of

**12**

transistor circuits. Assorted technological reinforcements endowed large surface active properties and non-zero band gaps thus makes graphene more beneficial than CNTs in MEMS/new electronic-device in last decade. Graphene derived all-spin logic-single micro/nano-electronics create whole spectrum of spintronic devices (low energy usage) beyond existing technologies. Reinforced graphene matrixes grow many novel applied technologies striking new market and applicability like spintronic and magneto-resistant hard disks are game changers in electronics and optoelectronics by.

#### **10.1 Reconfigurable 2D/3D conjugated polymers**

Conjugated polymers enter a new aspect in 2D material matrixes due to unique applicability in flexible electronics and soft robotics. Certain structurally reconfigured 2D conjugated polymers pave innovative growth in material science by virtue of superior electronic parameters [19, 20]. These conjugated polymeric reinforcement yields altered lattice symmetries and structural properties leads to progressive utilities of functional materials beyond graphene. Expertise domains of sciences like organic chemistry, condensed matter physics and nano-materials have teamed up so as to get special designed reconfigured 2D/3D material matrixes offering grand features as guessed hypothetically until now. Polyaniline (PANI) polymer reinforced 3D matrixes are developed for energy storage and induced rate electricity transport in especial gadgets like mobile, electric vehicles and power-grid [21]. PANI reinforced conductive electrodes and supercapacitors stores charge by exchanging electrons with ion through dopant material thus results in large energy storage through "pseudocapacitance" effect. Nano-carbontube is reinforced into PANI matrix to owe capable high energy densities designed for super-capacitor to be used in power storages. Futuristic global energy exploits such reconfigured matrix leading technologies for intermittent storage and high-power delivery devices for effective and broad potential applications.

#### **10.2 Graphene's cousins abet dream to reality**

Carbide, nitride, silicene, germanene, stanene, black phosphorus and Zintl phase materials are few known 2D reconfigured matrixes called graphenes cousins offer gifted properties seek for spintronic and quantum computing [19–23].

### **11. Reinforced polymer/dendrimer matrixes: current and future developments**

Reinforced polymer based matrix are futuristic smart materials discovered for the prospective advancement in S&T. Nano-metal doped polymeric matrixes are best to be used as fillers due to designed parameters such as shear stress, shape, size, control-rate, concentration and time dependent non-Newtonian mechanics, shear-thinning and visco-plastic flow controls. Metal reinforced nano-materials own significant tuneable features including rheology as suitable for deriving advanced utilities in photo-voltaic, catalysis, optics, drug career, smart adsorbents and energy-storage devices. Bottom-up, self-directed assembly of polymer block is powerful mean for robust reconfiguration and well manipulation of desired matrixes. Nano-material based polymeric matrixes display amazing characters due to inbuilt atom-by-atom reinforcements being absent in usual bulk counterparts. Assorted dendrimer designing are achieved through click chemistry and nanotechnology, currently discovered promising reinforced polymeric matrixes for

progressive S&T. Novel nano-periodic systems acquired for dendrimeric reinforcements through material templates in the form of nano-devices, nano-materials, and nano-medicines. Many commercial products are architecture with designed characteristics via advances dendrimeric reinforcements. Such dendrimer reinforcements transmit ideal nano-structure obtain during repetitive branched monomer iterative protection and de-protection. Rationally reconfigured dendritic matrixes are employed in drug delivery, electro-catalysis and light emitting materials [1, 2]. This novel dendrimer bid base for organic-inorganic hybrid pass on diversified utilities. Hyper-branch dendrimer forms 3D globular, viscous and highly soluble matrixes owing superior features like low-viscosity, high solubility and multi-functionality over linear-branched counterparts. Such reinforced dendritics are beneficial due to innate parameters like elastic, light weight, high resistance, processable, robust, chemical inert and thermal stable. Hyperbranched dendrimeric matrixes hold linear segments with spherical end being adaptable in fabrication of nano-composites like polyamidoamine dope-nanogold, nanocarbon-sols and heterogeneous nanostructures [3]. Click chemistry carried reinforcement aids stimulus detachment in porous dendrimeric links and yields various matrixes including layer-by-layer films, nano-particles, nano-sheets, nano-wires, and nano-tubes and optoelectronic nano-devices [2–4]. Reinforced dendritic matrixes showed peculiar characters like linear/cross-link/chain branching, open functionality; classified topology, cohybridization and terminal grafting. Flexible dendritic matrixes offered innovative chemical and biology applications in many industries. Dendrimeric polymer owns quite handy size/shape and compartmental zones made-up through hyper-branch and tree-reconfigure templates capable of surface functionalization, monodispersions with immense stability make it smart carrier for drugs. Dendrimer derived nano-device have latent value in cancer chemotherapy without stimulated immune side-effects since targeted drug therapy through designed tectodendrimer matrixes (dendrimer unit exhibit assorted role in targeting, disease diagnosis, drug career and imaging) [2]. Boron EGF-reinforced PAMAM matrix own drug targeted cells preferably in intra-tumoral injection. CED-doxorubicin-2,2 bis (hydroxymethyl) propanoic acid reinforced dendrimers dipect in vitro less toxicity in colon carcinoma cells [1–3]. Cationic dendrimers owe more cytotoxicity, cell membrane instability and cell-lysis over anionic dendrimeric-PAMAM matrixes [1–4].

### **12. Concluding remarks and futuristic developments**

2D graphene reinforced many pioneer matrixes have established practical developments in modernization of S&T beside thrusts novel domain of many 2D materials including layered double hydroxides, LAPONITE-clay, boron nitride, black phosphorous, graphitic carbon, carbide, nitride, heavy metal-halide/oxide, perovskite-oxide and polymer [1–4]. Reconfigured matrixes gift unique features like; flexible skeleton, mechanically strong, facile electronic /thermal transportation, zero band-gap, semimetal nature and highly mobile electron driven conductance. Numerous matrixes feed basic need of S&T besides promoting researchers to widen a plethora of 2D/3D materials. Fascinatingly, broad domains of assorted 2D/3D materials are developing everyday and more than 150 remarkable matrixes are reconfigured till date [1, 23]. These matrixes endowed surprising technologies, and innovative findings in many domains including sensor, photo-detector, LED, laser, FET, physics, catalysis, biomedicine, environmental, aerospace and construction. Patented superior outputs at nano-scales and low energy consumption are the key encouragements in electronics hunt for device architectures through such reconfigured 2D/3D materials [1].

**15**

**Author details**

technology [1–4].

Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre1

Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

\* and Dilip R. Peshwe2

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1 Department of Chemistry, RTM Nagpur University, Campus,

2 Department of Metallurgy, VNIT, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

\*Address all correspondence to: rsdongre@hotmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

Since graphene discovery, scientists have found a series of 2D/3D layered matrixes through reinforced physical and chemical features and thus tackled functional restrictions of 2D materials. Graphene reinforcements aid to replace half of its carbon with other extrinsic atoms and able to derive diverse stacking in 2D/3D matrix/hetero-structure/hybrid owing new/designed properties [2, 23]. Many reconfigured hetero-structures own special features as missing in graphene/ other materials and best heir to most popular silicon in electronic devices like solar panels. Scientists are devising optional matrixes to cater skilful demands in energy storage to fix silicon with competent materials. Assorted bulk 2D/3D matrixes of the counter materials are being explored for innate beneficial optoelectronic features due to practical applications at economic scale beside substitutes for outdated

This introductory chapter is an overview of assorted 2D/3D material matrixes which appeared as alternatives for soft-hard composites and modernize many fields including bio-electronic, optics, drug-therapy, medical product, tissue engineering, battery, super-capacitor, electro-catalyst, adsorbent and aerospace component manufacturing. Intrinsically reinforced matrixes yield through diverse materials found superior than their counterparts by virtue of designed features like better load reassignments, tailored interfaces, strong, heat protection, and impactful solidity viable at low cost with end-use components. Reconfigured material matrixes are promising due to notably attenuated performance utilities and per-

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

suade novel advancements in futuristic S&T.

#### *Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

progressive S&T. Novel nano-periodic systems acquired for dendrimeric reinforcements through material templates in the form of nano-devices, nano-materials, and nano-medicines. Many commercial products are architecture with designed characteristics via advances dendrimeric reinforcements. Such dendrimer reinforcements transmit ideal nano-structure obtain during repetitive branched monomer iterative protection and de-protection. Rationally reconfigured dendritic matrixes are employed in drug delivery, electro-catalysis and light emitting materials [1, 2]. This novel dendrimer bid base for organic-inorganic hybrid pass on diversified utilities. Hyper-branch dendrimer forms 3D globular, viscous and highly soluble matrixes owing superior features like low-viscosity, high solubility and multi-functionality over linear-branched counterparts. Such reinforced dendritics are beneficial due to innate parameters like elastic, light weight, high resistance, processable, robust, chemical inert and thermal stable. Hyperbranched dendrimeric matrixes hold linear segments with spherical end being adaptable in fabrication of nano-composites like polyamidoamine dope-nanogold, nanocarbon-sols and heterogeneous nanostructures [3]. Click chemistry carried reinforcement aids stimulus detachment in porous dendrimeric links and yields various matrixes including layer-by-layer films, nano-particles, nano-sheets, nano-wires, and nano-tubes and optoelectronic nano-devices [2–4]. Reinforced dendritic matrixes showed peculiar characters like linear/cross-link/chain branching, open functionality; classified topology, cohybridization and terminal grafting. Flexible dendritic matrixes offered innovative chemical and biology applications in many industries. Dendrimeric polymer owns quite handy size/shape and compartmental zones made-up through hyper-branch and tree-reconfigure templates capable of surface functionalization, monodispersions with immense stability make it smart carrier for drugs. Dendrimer derived nano-device have latent value in cancer chemotherapy without stimulated immune side-effects since targeted drug therapy through designed tectodendrimer matrixes (dendrimer unit exhibit assorted role in targeting, disease diagnosis, drug career and imaging) [2]. Boron EGF-reinforced PAMAM matrix own drug targeted cells preferably in intra-tumoral injection. CED-doxorubicin-2,2 bis (hydroxymethyl) propanoic acid reinforced dendrimers dipect in vitro less toxicity in colon carcinoma cells [1–3]. Cationic dendrimers owe more cytotoxicity, cell membrane instability and cell-lysis over anionic dendrimeric-PAMAM matrixes [1–4].

**12. Concluding remarks and futuristic developments**

2D graphene reinforced many pioneer matrixes have established practical developments in modernization of S&T beside thrusts novel domain of many 2D materials including layered double hydroxides, LAPONITE-clay, boron nitride, black phosphorous, graphitic carbon, carbide, nitride, heavy metal-halide/oxide, perovskite-oxide and polymer [1–4]. Reconfigured matrixes gift unique features like; flexible skeleton, mechanically strong, facile electronic /thermal transportation, zero band-gap, semimetal nature and highly mobile electron driven conductance. Numerous matrixes feed basic need of S&T besides promoting researchers to widen a plethora of 2D/3D materials. Fascinatingly, broad domains of assorted 2D/3D materials are developing everyday and more than 150 remarkable matrixes are reconfigured till date [1, 23]. These matrixes endowed surprising technologies, and innovative findings in many domains including sensor, photo-detector, LED, laser, FET, physics, catalysis, biomedicine, environmental, aerospace and construction. Patented superior outputs at nano-scales and low energy consumption are the key encouragements in electronics hunt for device architectures through such

**14**

reconfigured 2D/3D materials [1].

Since graphene discovery, scientists have found a series of 2D/3D layered matrixes through reinforced physical and chemical features and thus tackled functional restrictions of 2D materials. Graphene reinforcements aid to replace half of its carbon with other extrinsic atoms and able to derive diverse stacking in 2D/3D matrix/hetero-structure/hybrid owing new/designed properties [2, 23]. Many reconfigured hetero-structures own special features as missing in graphene/ other materials and best heir to most popular silicon in electronic devices like solar panels. Scientists are devising optional matrixes to cater skilful demands in energy storage to fix silicon with competent materials. Assorted bulk 2D/3D matrixes of the counter materials are being explored for innate beneficial optoelectronic features due to practical applications at economic scale beside substitutes for outdated technology [1–4].

This introductory chapter is an overview of assorted 2D/3D material matrixes which appeared as alternatives for soft-hard composites and modernize many fields including bio-electronic, optics, drug-therapy, medical product, tissue engineering, battery, super-capacitor, electro-catalyst, adsorbent and aerospace component manufacturing. Intrinsically reinforced matrixes yield through diverse materials found superior than their counterparts by virtue of designed features like better load reassignments, tailored interfaces, strong, heat protection, and impactful solidity viable at low cost with end-use components. Reconfigured material matrixes are promising due to notably attenuated performance utilities and persuade novel advancements in futuristic S&T.
