2018;**18**(3):279-296. DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1440208

[29] Huang Z, Meng G, Huang Q, Chen B, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Large-area Ag nanorod array substrates for SERS: AAO template-assisted fabrication, functionalization, and application in detection PCBs. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2013;**44**:240-246

[30] Chettiar UK, Nyga P, Thoreson MD, Kildishev AV, Drachev VP, Shalaev VM. FDTD modeling of realistic semicontinuous metal films. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics. 2010;**100**(1):159-168. DOI: 10.1007/ s00340-010-3985-y

[31] Wang AX, Kong X. Review of recent progress of plasmonic materials and nano-structures for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Materials. 2015;**8**:3024-3052

[32] Bang D, Chang YW, Park J, Lee T, Park J, Yeo J-S, et al. One-step electrochemical fabrication of vertically self-organized silver nanograss. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2013;**1**:4851-4857

[33] Lan H, Ding Y. Nanoimprint lithography. In: Wang M, editor. Lithography. IntechOpen; 2010. DOI: 10.5772/8189. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/ lithography/nanoimprint-lithography

[34] Vieu C, Carcenac F, Pépin A, Chen Y, Mejias M, Lebib A, et al. Electron beam lithography: Resolution limits and applications. Applied Surface Science. 2000;**164**(1-4):111-117

[35] Lushi K, Nanxi D, Guofeng T, Shengli Q, Dezhen W. Highly enhanced Raman scattering with good reproducibility observed on a flexible PI nanofabric substrate decorated by silver nanoparticles with controlled size. Applied Surface Science. 2020;**511**:145443

[36] Shi J, You T, Gao Y, Liang X, Li C, Yin P. Large-scale preparation of flexible and reusable surfaceenhanced Raman scattering platform based on electrospinning AgNPs/PCL nanofiber membrane. RSC Advances. 2017;**7**(75):47373-47379

[37] Chen X, Lin H, Xu T, Lai K, Han X, Linm M. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a flexible nanocomposite for measurement of flusilazole residues in oolong tea by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry. 2020;**315**:126276

[38] Parnsubsakul A, Ngoensawat U, Wutikhun T, Sukmanee T, Sapcharoenkun C, Pienpinijtham P, et al. Silver nanoparticle/bacterial nanocellulose paper composites for paste-and-read SERS detection of pesticides on fruit surfaces. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2020;**235**:115956

[39] Lu J, Song Y, Lei F, Du X, Huo Y, Xu S, et al. Electric field-modulated surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy by PVDF/Ag hybrid. Scientific Reports. 2020;**10**:5269

[40] Liou P, Nayigizik FX, Kong F, Mustapha A, Lin M. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a SERS platform for detection of pesticides in apples. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017;**157**:643-650

[41] Gao R, Song X, Zhan C, Weng C, Cheng S, Guo K, et al. Light trapping induced flexible wrinkled nanocone SERS substrate for highly sensitive explosive detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2020;**314**:128081

[42] Stępniowski WJ, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Bombalska A, Nowak-Stępniowska A, Kwaśny M, et al. Fabrication of anodic aluminum oxide with incorporated chromate

**77**

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface...*

[50] Stępniowski WJ, Choi J, Yoo H, Oh K, Michalska-Domańska M, Chilimoniuk P, et al. Anodization of FeAl intermetallic alloy for nanoporous mixed aluminum-iron oxide. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry.

[51] Stępniowski WJ, Choi J, Yoo H, Michalska-Domańska M, Chilimoniuk P, Czujko T. Quantitative fast Fourier transform based arrangement analysis of nanoporous anodic oxide formed by self-organized anodization of FeAl intermetallic alloy. Materials Letters.

[52] Stępniowski WJ, Paliwoda D, Chen Z, Landskron K, Misiołek WZ. Hard anodization of copper in

[53] Stepniowski WJ, Yoo H,

Surface and Interface Analysis.

[54] Stępniowski WJ, Yoo H, Choi J, Norek M, Jozwik P, Misiolek WZ. Fabrication and characterization of oxide nano-needles formed by copper passivation in sodium hydroxide solution. Thin Solid Films.

[55] Stępniowski WJ, Moneta M,

Chemistry. 2018;**15**:59-66

[56] Stępniowski WJ, Salerno M.

Fabrication of nanowires and nanotubes by anodic alumina template-assisted electrodeposition. In: Manufacturing

Karczewski K, Michalska-Domańska M, Czujko T, Mol JMC, et al. Fabrication of copper nanowires via electrodeposition in anodic aluminum oxide templates formed by combined hard anodizing and electrochemical barrier layer thinning. Journal of Electroanalytical

2019;**14**:15-18

2019;**671**:111-119

potassium carbonate aqueous solution. Materials Letters. 2019;**252**:182-185

Choi J, Chilimoniuk P, Karczewski K, Czujko T. Investigation of oxide nanowires growth on copper via passivation in NaOH aqueous solution.

2016;**771**:37-44

2016;**164**:176-179

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

[44] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Taveira L, Aldabergerova S, Schmuki P. Smooth anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition.

ions. Applied Surface Science.

[43] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P. High-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubes by anodization of titanium. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2005;**44**(14):2100-2102

2005;**44**(45):7463-7465

2019;**305**:349-359

[46] Zaraska L, Gawlak K,

Wiercigroch E, Malek K, Koziel M, Andrzejczuk M, et al. The effect of anodizing potential and annealing conditions on the morphology,

composition and photoelectrochemical activity of porous anodic tin oxide films. Electrochimica Acta. 2019;**319**:18-30

[47] Syrek K, Zaraska L, Zych M, Sulka GD. The effect of anodization conditions on the morphology of porous tungsten oxide layers formed in aqueous solution. Journal of Electroanalytical

Chemistry. 2018;**829**:106-115

[48] Chilimoniuk P, Michalska-Domańska M, Czujko T. Formation of nanoporous mixed aluminum-iron oxides by self-organized anodizing of FeAl3 intermetallic alloy. Materials.

[49] Łazińska M, Durejko T, Michalska-Domańska M, Bojar Z. Characterization of titanium oxide formed on biomedical Ti6Al7Nb alloy fabricated by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). In: Proceedings Euro PM2017: International

Power Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition 2017. Milan, Italy: Additive Manufacturing; 2017. p. 140833

2019;**12**(14):2299

[45] Mika K, Socha RP, Nyga P, Wiercigroch E, Małek K, Jarosz M, et al. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of dark nanoporous zinc oxide films. Electrochimica Acta.

2012;**259**:324-330

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

ions. Applied Surface Science. 2012;**259**:324-330

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

[36] Shi J, You T, Gao Y, Liang X, Li C, Yin P. Large-scale preparation of flexible and reusable surfaceenhanced Raman scattering platform based on electrospinning AgNPs/PCL nanofiber membrane. RSC Advances.

[37] Chen X, Lin H, Xu T, Lai K, Han X, Linm M. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a flexible nanocomposite for measurement of flusilazole residues in oolong tea by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Food Chemistry. 2020;**315**:126276

[38] Parnsubsakul A, Ngoensawat U,

Sapcharoenkun C, Pienpinijtham P, et al. Silver nanoparticle/bacterial nanocellulose paper composites for paste-and-read SERS detection of pesticides on fruit surfaces. Carbohydrate Polymers.

[39] Lu J, Song Y, Lei F, Du X, Huo Y, Xu S, et al. Electric field-modulated surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy by PVDF/Ag hybrid. Scientific Reports.

[40] Liou P, Nayigizik FX, Kong F, Mustapha A, Lin M. Cellulose nanofibers coated with silver nanoparticles as a SERS platform for detection of pesticides in apples. Carbohydrate Polymers.

Wutikhun T, Sukmanee T,

2020;**235**:115956

2020;**10**:5269

2017;**157**:643-650

2020;**314**:128081

[41] Gao R, Song X, Zhan C,

[42] Stępniowski WJ, Norek M,

Michalska-Domańska M, Bombalska A, Nowak-Stępniowska A, Kwaśny M, et al. Fabrication of anodic aluminum oxide with incorporated chromate

Weng C, Cheng S, Guo K, et al. Light trapping induced flexible wrinkled nanocone SERS substrate for highly sensitive explosive detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.

2017;**7**(75):47373-47379

2018;**18**(3):279-296. DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1440208

[29] Huang Z, Meng G, Huang Q, Chen B, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Large-area Ag nanorod array substrates for SERS: AAO template-assisted fabrication, functionalization, and application in detection PCBs. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2013;**44**:240-246

[30] Chettiar UK, Nyga P, Thoreson MD, Kildishev AV, Drachev VP, Shalaev VM.

semicontinuous metal films. Applied

[31] Wang AX, Kong X. Review of recent progress of plasmonic materials and nano-structures for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Materials.

[32] Bang D, Chang YW, Park J, Lee T, Park J, Yeo J-S, et al. One-step electrochemical fabrication of vertically

self-organized silver nanograss. Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

[33] Lan H, Ding Y. Nanoimprint lithography. In: Wang M, editor. Lithography. IntechOpen; 2010. DOI: 10.5772/8189. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/ lithography/nanoimprint-lithography

[34] Vieu C, Carcenac F, Pépin A, Chen Y, Mejias M, Lebib A, et al. Electron beam lithography: Resolution limits and applications. Applied Surface Science.

FDTD modeling of realistic

Physics B: Lasers and Optics. 2010;**100**(1):159-168. DOI: 10.1007/

s00340-010-3985-y

2015;**8**:3024-3052

2013;**1**:4851-4857

2000;**164**(1-4):111-117

2020;**511**:145443

[35] Lushi K, Nanxi D, Guofeng T, Shengli Q, Dezhen W. Highly enhanced

reproducibility observed on a flexible PI nanofabric substrate decorated by silver nanoparticles with controlled size. Applied Surface Science.

Raman scattering with good

**76**

[43] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P. High-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubes by anodization of titanium. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2005;**44**(14):2100-2102

[44] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Taveira L, Aldabergerova S, Schmuki P. Smooth anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2005;**44**(45):7463-7465

[45] Mika K, Socha RP, Nyga P, Wiercigroch E, Małek K, Jarosz M, et al. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of dark nanoporous zinc oxide films. Electrochimica Acta. 2019;**305**:349-359

[46] Zaraska L, Gawlak K, Wiercigroch E, Malek K, Koziel M, Andrzejczuk M, et al. The effect of anodizing potential and annealing conditions on the morphology, composition and photoelectrochemical activity of porous anodic tin oxide films. Electrochimica Acta. 2019;**319**:18-30

[47] Syrek K, Zaraska L, Zych M, Sulka GD. The effect of anodization conditions on the morphology of porous tungsten oxide layers formed in aqueous solution. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2018;**829**:106-115

[48] Chilimoniuk P, Michalska-Domańska M, Czujko T. Formation of nanoporous mixed aluminum-iron oxides by self-organized anodizing of FeAl3 intermetallic alloy. Materials. 2019;**12**(14):2299

[49] Łazińska M, Durejko T, Michalska-Domańska M, Bojar Z. Characterization of titanium oxide formed on biomedical Ti6Al7Nb alloy fabricated by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). In: Proceedings Euro PM2017: International Power Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition 2017. Milan, Italy: Additive Manufacturing; 2017. p. 140833

[50] Stępniowski WJ, Choi J, Yoo H, Oh K, Michalska-Domańska M, Chilimoniuk P, et al. Anodization of FeAl intermetallic alloy for nanoporous mixed aluminum-iron oxide. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2016;**771**:37-44

[51] Stępniowski WJ, Choi J, Yoo H, Michalska-Domańska M, Chilimoniuk P, Czujko T. Quantitative fast Fourier transform based arrangement analysis of nanoporous anodic oxide formed by self-organized anodization of FeAl intermetallic alloy. Materials Letters. 2016;**164**:176-179

[52] Stępniowski WJ, Paliwoda D, Chen Z, Landskron K, Misiołek WZ. Hard anodization of copper in potassium carbonate aqueous solution. Materials Letters. 2019;**252**:182-185

[53] Stepniowski WJ, Yoo H, Choi J, Chilimoniuk P, Karczewski K, Czujko T. Investigation of oxide nanowires growth on copper via passivation in NaOH aqueous solution. Surface and Interface Analysis. 2019;**14**:15-18

[54] Stępniowski WJ, Yoo H, Choi J, Norek M, Jozwik P, Misiolek WZ. Fabrication and characterization of oxide nano-needles formed by copper passivation in sodium hydroxide solution. Thin Solid Films. 2019;**671**:111-119

[55] Stępniowski WJ, Moneta M, Karczewski K, Michalska-Domańska M, Czujko T, Mol JMC, et al. Fabrication of copper nanowires via electrodeposition in anodic aluminum oxide templates formed by combined hard anodizing and electrochemical barrier layer thinning. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2018;**15**:59-66

[56] Stępniowski WJ, Salerno M. Fabrication of nanowires and nanotubes by anodic alumina template-assisted electrodeposition. In: Manufacturing

Nanostructures. UK: One Central Press; 2014

[57] Stępniowski WJ, Bojar Z. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide: Fabrication, characterization, and applications. In: Handbook of Nanoelectrochemistry: Electrochemical Synthesis Methods, Properties, and Characterization Techniques. Switzerland: Springer; 2016. pp. 593-646

[58] Abrahami ST, de Kok JMM, Terryn H, Mol JMC. Towards Cr(VI) free anodization of aluminum alloys for aerospace adhesive bonding applications: A review. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering. 2017;**11**(3):465-482

[59] Abrahami ST, Hauffman T, de Kok JMM, Mol JMC, Terryn H. XPS analysis of the surface chemistry and interfacial bonding of barriertype Cr(VI)-free anodic oxides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2015;**119**(34):19967-19975

[60] Kulkarni M, Mazare A, Schmuki P, Iglic A. Influence of anodization parameters on morphology of TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. Advanced Materials Letters. 2016;**7**(1):23-28

[61] Naghizadeh M, Abdizadeh H, Golobostanfard MR. Effect of fluoride concentration and water content on morphology of titania nanotubes in ethylene glycol solution. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;**829**:907-911

[62] Michalska-Domańska M, Nyga P, Czerwiński M. Ethanol-based electrolyte for nanotubular anodic TiO2 formation. Corrosion Science. 2018;**134**:99-102

[63] Zhang S, Li Y, Xu P, Liang K. Effect of anodization parameters on the surface morphology and photoelectrochemical properties

of TiO2 nanotubes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2017;**12**(11):10714-10725

[64] Michalska-Domańska M, Stępniowski W, Salerno M. Effect of inter-electrode separation in the fabrication of nanoporous alumina by anodization. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2018;**823**:47-53

[65] Michalska-Domanska M, Stępniowski WJ, Jaroszewicz LR. Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and highpurity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature. Journal of Porous Materials. 2017;**24**(3):779-786

[66] Stępniowski WJ, Moneta M, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Scarpellini A, Salerno M. The influence of electrolyte composition on the growth of nanoporous anodic alumina. Electrochimica Acta. 2016;**211**:453-460

[67] Stępniowski W, Norek M, Budner B, Michalska-Domańska M, Nowak-Stępniowska A, Mostek A, et al. In-situ electrochemical doping of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide with indigo carmine organic dye. Thin Solid Films. 2016;**598**:60-64

[68] Stępniowski WJ, Florkiewicz W, Michalska-Domańska M, Norek M, Czujko T. A comparative study of electrochemical barrier layer thinning for anodic aluminum oxide grown on technical purity aluminum. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2015;**741**:80-86

[69] Stępniowski WJ, Forbot D, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Król A. The impact of electrolyte's viscosity on the formation of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide. Electrochimica Acta. 2014;**133**:57-64

**79**

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface...*

[77] Feng Y, Kim K-D, Nemitz CA, Kim P, Pfadler T, Gerigk M, et al. Uniform large-area free-standing silver nanowire arrays on transparent conducting substrates. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2016;**163**(8):D447-D452

[78] Hao Q, Huang H, Fan X, Hou X, Yin Y, Li W, et al. Facile design of ultra-thin anodic aluminum oxide membranes for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoarrays. Nanotechnology.

[79] Liu K, Yu Z, Zhu X, Zhang S, Zou F, Zhu Y. A universal surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active graphene cathode for lithium–air batteries. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:102272.

[81] Zhao WN, Liu XG, Xu YB, Wang SB, Sun TY, Liu SS, et al. Polymer nanopillar array with Au nanoparticle inlays as a flexible and transparent SERS substrate. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:35527-35531

[82] Bao Z, Wu Y. TiO2 thin layer coated Ag nanoarrays complex for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering substrate. Key Engineering Materials. 2013;**562- 565**:1037-1042. DOI: 10.4028/www. scientific.net/kem.562-565.37

[83] Zhou Y, Chen J, Zhang L,

Chemistry. 2012;**2012**:3176-3182

Yang L. Multifunctional TiO2-coated Ag nanowire arrays as recyclable SERS substrates for the detection of organic pollutants. European Journal of Inorganic

[84] Zhang C-y, Lu Y, Zhao B, Hao Y-w, Liu Y-q. Facile fabrication of Ag

2017;**28**:105301

DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23331g

[80] Zhao W, Wu Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang S, Xu Z. The fabrication of polymer-nanocone-based 3D Au nanoparticle array and its SERS performance. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. 2017;**123**:45. DOI: 10.1007/ s00339-016-0665-8

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

between criterion number derived from Rayleigh-Bénard convective cells and arrangement of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide. Materials Letters.

[71] Michalska-Domańska M, Norek M, Stępniowski WJ, Budner B. Fabrication of high quality anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) on low purity aluminum – A comparative study with the AAO produced on high purity aluminum. Electrochimica Acta. 2013;**105**:424-432

[72] Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang X, Cong M, Xu W, et al. Hierarchical ultrathin alumina membrane for the fabrication of unique nanodot arrays. Nanotechnology. 2016;**27**:025302. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/2/025302

[73] Nguyen TT, Ung TDT, Nguyen QL. Square-inch 2D-arrays of Au nanodisks fabricated by sputtering Au onto anodic aluminum oxide templates for SERS applications. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2016;**7**:045017

[74] Liu D, Wang Q, Hu J, Chen L. Size correlation of optical and SERS properties for highly ordered Au nanocone arrays with sub-100 nm feature size. Journal of Optics.

[75] Li ZP, Xu ZM, Qu XP, Wang SB, Peng J, Mei LH. Fabrication of nanopore and nanoparticle arrays with high aspect ratio AAO masks. Nanotechnology.

[76] Kim Y-T, Schilling J, Schweizer SL, Wehrspohn RB. Morphology dependence on surface-enhanced Raman scattering using gold nanorod arrays consisting of agglomerated nanoparticles. Plasmonics. 2017;**12**:203-208. DOI: 10.1007/s11468-016-0250-1

2016;**18**:085006

2017;**28**:095301

[70] Stępniowski WJ, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Forbot D, Król A. Study on the correlation

2014;**125**:124-127

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

[70] Stępniowski WJ, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Forbot D, Król A. Study on the correlation between criterion number derived from Rayleigh-Bénard convective cells and arrangement of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide. Materials Letters. 2014;**125**:124-127

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

Nanostructures. UK: One Central Press;

of TiO2 nanotubes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

2017;**12**(11):10714-10725

2018;**823**:47-53

[64] Michalska-Domańska M, Stępniowski W, Salerno M. Effect of inter-electrode separation in the fabrication of nanoporous alumina by anodization. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry.

[65] Michalska-Domanska M, Stępniowski WJ, Jaroszewicz LR. Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and highpurity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature. Journal of Porous Materials. 2017;**24**(3):779-786

[66] Stępniowski WJ, Moneta M, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Scarpellini A, Salerno M. The influence of electrolyte composition on the growth of nanoporous anodic alumina. Electrochimica Acta. 2016;**211**:453-460

[67] Stępniowski W, Norek M, Budner B, Michalska-Domańska M, Nowak-Stępniowska A, Mostek A, et al. In-situ electrochemical doping of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide with indigo carmine organic dye. Thin

Solid Films. 2016;**598**:60-64

[69] Stępniowski WJ, Forbot D, Norek M, Michalska-Domańska M, Król A. The impact of electrolyte's viscosity on the formation of

nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide. Electrochimica Acta. 2014;**133**:57-64

2015;**741**:80-86

[68] Stępniowski WJ, Florkiewicz W, Michalska-Domańska M, Norek M, Czujko T. A comparative study of electrochemical barrier layer thinning for anodic aluminum oxide grown on technical purity aluminum. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry.

Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide: Fabrication, characterization, and applications. In: Handbook of Nanoelectrochemistry: Electrochemical

[57] Stępniowski WJ, Bojar Z.

Synthesis Methods, Properties, and Characterization Techniques. Switzerland: Springer; 2016. pp. 593-646

[58] Abrahami ST, de Kok JMM, Terryn H, Mol JMC. Towards Cr(VI) free anodization of aluminum alloys for aerospace adhesive bonding applications: A review. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering.

[59] Abrahami ST, Hauffman T, de Kok JMM, Mol JMC, Terryn H. XPS analysis of the surface chemistry and interfacial bonding of barriertype Cr(VI)-free anodic oxides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2015;**119**(34):19967-19975

[60] Kulkarni M, Mazare A, Schmuki P, Iglic A. Influence of anodization parameters on morphology of TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. Advanced Materials Letters.

[61] Naghizadeh M, Abdizadeh H, Golobostanfard MR. Effect of fluoride concentration and water content on morphology of titania nanotubes in ethylene glycol solution. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;**829**:907-911

[62] Michalska-Domańska M,

of anodization parameters on the surface morphology and photoelectrochemical properties

Nyga P, Czerwiński M. Ethanol-based electrolyte for nanotubular anodic TiO2 formation. Corrosion Science.

[63] Zhang S, Li Y, Xu P, Liang K. Effect

2016;**7**(1):23-28

2018;**134**:99-102

2017;**11**(3):465-482

2014

**78**

[71] Michalska-Domańska M, Norek M, Stępniowski WJ, Budner B. Fabrication of high quality anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) on low purity aluminum – A comparative study with the AAO produced on high purity aluminum. Electrochimica Acta. 2013;**105**:424-432

[72] Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang X, Cong M, Xu W, et al. Hierarchical ultrathin alumina membrane for the fabrication of unique nanodot arrays. Nanotechnology. 2016;**27**:025302. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/2/025302

[73] Nguyen TT, Ung TDT, Nguyen QL. Square-inch 2D-arrays of Au nanodisks fabricated by sputtering Au onto anodic aluminum oxide templates for SERS applications. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2016;**7**:045017

[74] Liu D, Wang Q, Hu J, Chen L. Size correlation of optical and SERS properties for highly ordered Au nanocone arrays with sub-100 nm feature size. Journal of Optics. 2016;**18**:085006

[75] Li ZP, Xu ZM, Qu XP, Wang SB, Peng J, Mei LH. Fabrication of nanopore and nanoparticle arrays with high aspect ratio AAO masks. Nanotechnology. 2017;**28**:095301

[76] Kim Y-T, Schilling J, Schweizer SL, Wehrspohn RB. Morphology dependence on surface-enhanced Raman scattering using gold nanorod arrays consisting of agglomerated nanoparticles. Plasmonics. 2017;**12**:203-208. DOI: 10.1007/s11468-016-0250-1

[77] Feng Y, Kim K-D, Nemitz CA, Kim P, Pfadler T, Gerigk M, et al. Uniform large-area free-standing silver nanowire arrays on transparent conducting substrates. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2016;**163**(8):D447-D452

[78] Hao Q, Huang H, Fan X, Hou X, Yin Y, Li W, et al. Facile design of ultra-thin anodic aluminum oxide membranes for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoarrays. Nanotechnology. 2017;**28**:105301

[79] Liu K, Yu Z, Zhu X, Zhang S, Zou F, Zhu Y. A universal surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active graphene cathode for lithium–air batteries. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:102272. DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23331g

[80] Zhao W, Wu Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang S, Xu Z. The fabrication of polymer-nanocone-based 3D Au nanoparticle array and its SERS performance. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. 2017;**123**:45. DOI: 10.1007/ s00339-016-0665-8

[81] Zhao WN, Liu XG, Xu YB, Wang SB, Sun TY, Liu SS, et al. Polymer nanopillar array with Au nanoparticle inlays as a flexible and transparent SERS substrate. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:35527-35531

[82] Bao Z, Wu Y. TiO2 thin layer coated Ag nanoarrays complex for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering substrate. Key Engineering Materials. 2013;**562- 565**:1037-1042. DOI: 10.4028/www. scientific.net/kem.562-565.37

[83] Zhou Y, Chen J, Zhang L, Yang L. Multifunctional TiO2-coated Ag nanowire arrays as recyclable SERS substrates for the detection of organic pollutants. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2012;**2012**:3176-3182

[84] Zhang C-y, Lu Y, Zhao B, Hao Y-w, Liu Y-q. Facile fabrication of Ag

dendrite-integrated anodic aluminum oxide membrane as effective threedimensional SERS substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2016;**377**:167-173

[85] Pisarek M, Holdynski M, Roguska A, Kudelski A, Janik-Czachor M. TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoporous oxide layers decorated with silver nanoparticles—Active substrates for SERS measurements. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2014;**18**:3099-3109

[86] Chen H, Ohodnicki P, Baltrus JP, Holcomb G, Tylczak J, Henry D. Hightemperature stability of silver nanoparticles geometrically confined in the nanoscale pore channels of anodized aluminum oxide for SERS in harsh environments. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:86930

[87] Lim L-K, Ng B-K. Large scale AAO nano-fiber substrate for SERS application. In: Photonics North (PN). Quebec City, QC; 2016. pp.1-2. DOI: 10.1109/PN.2016.7537899

[88] Dan Y, Zhong C, Zhu H, Wang J. Highly ordered Au-decorated Ag nanorod arrays as an ultrasensitive and reusable substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2019;**560**:360-365

[89] Zhong C, Dan Y, Zhang P, Wang J. Self-assembly urchin-like Au-NSs arrays and application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates. Materials Letters. 2019;**234**:125-128

[90] Yang L, Ruan W, Jiang X, Zhao B, Xu W, Lombardi JR. Contribution of ZnO to charge-transfer induced surfaceenhanced Raman scattering in Au/ZnO/ PATP assembly. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;**113**:117-120

[91] Yang L, Jiang X, Ruan W, Yang J, Zhao B, Xu W, et al. Charge-transferinduced surface-enhanced Raman

scattering on Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;**113**:16226-16231. DOI: 10.1021/ jp903600r

[92] Yang L, Jiang X, Ruan W, Zhao B, Xu W, Lombardi JR. Observation of enhanced Raman scattering for molecules adsorbed on TiO2 nanoparticles: Charge-transfer contribution. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2008;**112**:20095-20098

[93] Jakubowicz J, Koper JK, Adamek G, Połomska M, Wolak J. Silver Nano-trees deposited in the pores of anodically oxidized titanium and Ti scaffold. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2015;**10**:4165-4172

[94] Belich NA, Grigor'eva AV, Petukhov DI, Sidorov AV, Gol'dt AE, Gudilin EA. Immobilization of nanostructured metal silver at the surface of anodic titanium dioxide for the creation of composites with the surface plasmon resonance. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2015;**10**(5-6):345-352

[95] Witkowska E, Szymborski T, Waluk J, Michota-Kamińska A. The platform for testing of chemicals and microorganisms via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and method of its preparation; 2014. p. 409210

[96] Kamińska A, Sivanesan A, Witkowska E, Gołąb J, Winiarska M, Nowis D, et al. Detection of DNA mutations using novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) diagnostic platform. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2013;**7**:199-208

[97] Sun Y, Yang L, Liao F, Dang Q, Shao M. Parameter optimization for Ag-coated TiO2 nanotube arrays as recyclable SERS substrates. Applied Surface Science. 2018;**443**:613-618

[98] Wen S, Su Y, Wu R, Zhou S, Min Q, Fan G-C, et al. Plasmonic Au nanostar

**81**

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface...*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

Raman probes coupling with highly ordered TiO2/Au nanotube arrays as the reliable SERS sensing platform for chronic myeloid leukemia drug evaluation. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2018;**117**:260-266

[99] Ling Y, Zhuo Y, Huang L, Mao D. Using Ag-embedded TiO2 nanotubes array as recyclable SERS substrate.

[100] Roguska A, Kudelski A, Pisarek M, Opara M, Janik-Czachor M. Surface-

Applied Surface Science.

enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of Ag, Au and Cu nanoclusters on TiO2-nanotubes/Ti substrate. Applied Surface Science.

[101] Huang Y, Sun L, Xie K, Lai Y, Liu B, Ren B, et al. SERS study of Ag nanoparticles electrodeposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2011;**42**:986-

[102] Kudelski A, Pisarek M, Roguska A,

Hołdyński M, Janik-Czachor M. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigations on silver nanoparticles deposited on alumina and titania nanotubes: Influence of the substrate material on surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of Ag nanoparticles.

Journal of Raman Specroscopy.

[103] Banholzer MJ, Millstone JE, Qin L, Mirkin CA. Rationally designed nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Society

Reviews. 2008;**37**:885-897

2012;**43**:1360-1366

991. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2830

2016;**388**:169-173

2011;**257**:8182-8189

*An Overview of Anodic Oxides Derived Advanced Nanocomposites Substrate for Surface... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92811*

Raman probes coupling with highly ordered TiO2/Au nanotube arrays as the reliable SERS sensing platform for chronic myeloid leukemia drug evaluation. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2018;**117**:260-266

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

dendrite-integrated anodic aluminum oxide membrane as effective threedimensional SERS substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2016;**377**:167-173

scattering on Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;**113**:16226-16231. DOI: 10.1021/

[92] Yang L, Jiang X, Ruan W, Zhao B, Xu W, Lombardi JR. Observation of enhanced Raman scattering for molecules adsorbed on TiO2 nanoparticles: Charge-transfer contribution. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2008;**112**:20095-20098

[93] Jakubowicz J, Koper JK, Adamek G, Połomska M, Wolak J. Silver Nano-trees deposited in the pores of anodically oxidized titanium and Ti scaffold. International Journal of Electrochemical

Science. 2015;**10**:4165-4172

[94] Belich NA, Grigor'eva AV, Petukhov DI, Sidorov AV, Gol'dt AE, Gudilin EA. Immobilization of nanostructured metal silver at the surface of anodic titanium dioxide for the creation of composites with the surface plasmon resonance. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2015;**10**(5-6):345-352

[95] Witkowska E, Szymborski T, Waluk J, Michota-Kamińska A. The platform for testing of chemicals and microorganisms via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and method of its

preparation; 2014. p. 409210

[96] Kamińska A, Sivanesan A, Witkowska E, Gołąb J, Winiarska M, Nowis D, et al. Detection of DNA mutations using novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) diagnostic platform. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2013;**7**:199-208

[97] Sun Y, Yang L, Liao F, Dang Q, Shao M. Parameter optimization for Ag-coated TiO2 nanotube arrays as recyclable SERS substrates. Applied Surface Science. 2018;**443**:613-618

[98] Wen S, Su Y, Wu R, Zhou S, Min Q, Fan G-C, et al. Plasmonic Au nanostar

jp903600r

[85] Pisarek M, Holdynski M, Roguska A, Kudelski A, Janik-Czachor M. TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoporous oxide layers decorated with silver nanoparticles—Active substrates for SERS measurements. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[86] Chen H, Ohodnicki P, Baltrus JP, Holcomb G, Tylczak J, Henry D. High-

nanoparticles geometrically confined in the nanoscale pore channels of anodized aluminum oxide for SERS in harsh environments. RSC Advances.

[87] Lim L-K, Ng B-K. Large scale AAO nano-fiber substrate for SERS application. In: Photonics North (PN). Quebec City, QC; 2016. pp.1-2. DOI:

[88] Dan Y, Zhong C, Zhu H, Wang J. Highly ordered Au-decorated Ag nanorod arrays as an ultrasensitive and reusable substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2019;**560**:360-365

[89] Zhong C, Dan Y, Zhang P, Wang J. Self-assembly urchin-like Au-NSs arrays and application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates. Materials Letters.

[90] Yang L, Ruan W, Jiang X, Zhao B, Xu W, Lombardi JR. Contribution of ZnO to charge-transfer induced surfaceenhanced Raman scattering in Au/ZnO/ PATP assembly. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;**113**:117-120

[91] Yang L, Jiang X, Ruan W, Yang J, Zhao B, Xu W, et al. Charge-transferinduced surface-enhanced Raman

2019;**234**:125-128

10.1109/PN.2016.7537899

temperature stability of silver

2014;**18**:3099-3109

2016;**6**:86930

**80**

[99] Ling Y, Zhuo Y, Huang L, Mao D. Using Ag-embedded TiO2 nanotubes array as recyclable SERS substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2016;**388**:169-173

[100] Roguska A, Kudelski A, Pisarek M, Opara M, Janik-Czachor M. Surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of Ag, Au and Cu nanoclusters on TiO2-nanotubes/Ti substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2011;**257**:8182-8189

[101] Huang Y, Sun L, Xie K, Lai Y, Liu B, Ren B, et al. SERS study of Ag nanoparticles electrodeposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2011;**42**:986- 991. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2830

[102] Kudelski A, Pisarek M, Roguska A, Hołdyński M, Janik-Czachor M. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigations on silver nanoparticles deposited on alumina and titania nanotubes: Influence of the substrate material on surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of Ag nanoparticles. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2012;**43**:1360-1366

[103] Banholzer MJ, Millstone JE, Qin L, Mirkin CA. Rationally designed nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Society Reviews. 2008;**37**:885-897

**Chapter 5**

Algorithm

**Abstract**

is generated.

**1. Introduction**

**83**

*Thankam Sreekumar Rajesh*

based optimization (TLBO), Al2O3-40%TiO2

An Experimental Investigation of

Plasma Spray Coating onto SS316

SS316 is a commercial stainless steel. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) of SS 316 wear prone areas can be effectively increased by ceramic coating. The coating thickness, surface roughness, coating microhardness, abrasion rate, and coating porosity decides the quality and durability in ceramic coating. The current research work explains an experimental investigation to optimize the Atmosphere Plasma Spray process input parameters of Al2O3-40%TiO2 ceramic coatings. Threelevel L18 Orthogonal Array (OA) design of Experiments (DoE) is used to conduct the current work. The main input parameters considered in the current study are nozzle distance, substrate speed, arc current, carrier gas flow, and coating powder flow rate. The output parameters considered are coating thickness, surface roughness, coating microhardness, abrasion rate, and percentage of porosity. Mathematical models are generated for individual output parameters. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) is effectively used to find out weights for individual output parameters treating them as objective functions, and a combined objective function

**Keywords:** atmospheric plasma spray (APS) coating, SS316, teaching learning

To achieve increased reliability and performance of damage prone industrialrelated components, surface engineering is hugely now applied using large field of new technologies. The quest for higher efficiency and productivity across the entire spectrum of manufacturing and engineering industries has ensured that most of the machine components are subjected to highly harsh environments during routine

Amalgamated via Atmospheric

Al2O3-40% TiO2 Powder

Substrate and Parameter

Optimization Using TLBO
