**8. Conclusions**

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one among the wide band gap metal oxide semiconducting materials used in thin films that have received much attraction due to its sensing properties, dielectric properties, antireflective coatings, good physical and chemical stability, high refractive index, low absorption, low cost, non-toxicity, high electron mobility, longer electron life time, low recombination losses and ease in preparation.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. Nanoscaled titanium dioxide (TiO2) in thin layer or nanopowder forms appertains to the most extensively studied semiconductors. This metal oxide is a promising semiconductor frequently used due to its nontoxicity, chemical stability, photocatalytic activity and low cost [37, 38]. Especially, thin films as the nanostructured electrode materials have become very important in the fields of photovoltaics, energy storage, sensing, photo-electro-catalysis, etc.

TiO2 in crystallographic form of anatase has become an interesting candidate as an n-type photoanode due to its band gap (Eg = 3.2 eV), which is higher than that for the rutile phase (Eg = 3.0 eV) and has excellent efficiency to generate the electron-hole pairs [39, 40]. The preparation of the nanostructured electrode materials with highly uniform nanoparticles has been investigated by many groups [41]. The most commonly used method is the sol-gel technique utilizing the molecular templates. The main advantage of this purely chemical method lies in a possibility of layer preparation under laboratory conditions as well as the possibility to tailor TiO2 layer properties by varying preparation conditions. Nanoparticles with controlled chemical composition, size distribution, uniformity and dispersion can be readily synthesized using reverse micelles [42].

The TiO2 thin films have been introduced as electron transport layers (ETL) because of their large band gap (3.7 eV) and well-matched energy levels (valence band of ~ 8.1 eV and conduction band of ~ 4.4 eV). The requirements for ETL involve high electron mobility and transparency in the visible region to allow transmission of light into the active layer. These requirements limit the number of materials that have these characteristics, among which is the well-known and widely used titanium oxide [43].

Thus, in the present work, I have attempted to synthesis nanosized TiO2 particles with 7.7 nm, which is less than commercially available TiO2 powder (25 nm), and modified preparatory condition followed to prepare nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films with different molar concentrations. The results from the above study exhibits that the prepared nano TiO2 films with different molar concentrations are to enhance the optical, structural and electrical behavior of film which is suitable for photovoltaic applications.

**55**

**Author details**

Lourduraj Stephen

Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

provided the original work is properly cited.

Department of Physics, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous),

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: lourduraj82@gmail

*Titanium Dioxide Versatile Solid Crystalline: An Overview*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92056*

#### **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

*Titanium Dioxide Versatile Solid Crystalline: An Overview DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92056*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

be readily synthesized using reverse micelles [42].

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The TiO2 thin films have been introduced as electron transport layers (ETL) because of their large band gap (3.7 eV) and well-matched energy levels (valence band of ~ 8.1 eV and conduction band of ~ 4.4 eV). The requirements for ETL involve high electron mobility and transparency in the visible region to allow transmission of light into the active layer. These requirements limit the number of materials that have these characteristics, among which is the well-known and widely used titanium oxide [43]. Thus, in the present work, I have attempted to synthesis nanosized TiO2 particles with 7.7 nm, which is less than commercially available TiO2 powder (25 nm), and modified preparatory condition followed to prepare nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films with different molar concentrations. The results from the above study exhibits that the prepared nano TiO2 films with different molar concentrations are to enhance the optical, structural and electrical behavior of film which is suitable for photovoltaic applications.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one among the wide band gap metal oxide semiconducting materials used in thin films that have received much attraction due to its sensing properties, dielectric properties, antireflective coatings, good physical and chemical stability, high refractive index, low absorption, low cost, non-toxicity, high electron mobility, longer electron life time, low recombination losses and ease in preparation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. Nanoscaled titanium dioxide (TiO2) in thin layer or nanopowder forms appertains to the most extensively studied semiconductors. This metal oxide is a promising semiconductor frequently used due to its nontoxicity, chemical stability, photocatalytic activity and low cost [37, 38]. Especially, thin films as the nanostructured electrode materials have become very important in the fields of photovoltaics, energy storage, sensing, photo-electro-catalysis, etc. TiO2 in crystallographic form of anatase has become an interesting candidate as an n-type photoanode due to its band gap (Eg = 3.2 eV), which is higher than that for the rutile phase (Eg = 3.0 eV) and has excellent efficiency to generate the electron-hole pairs [39, 40]. The preparation of the nanostructured electrode materials with highly uniform nanoparticles has been investigated by many groups [41]. The most commonly used method is the sol-gel technique utilizing the molecular templates. The main advantage of this purely chemical method lies in a possibility of layer preparation under laboratory conditions as well as the possibility to tailor TiO2 layer properties by varying preparation conditions. Nanoparticles with controlled chemical composition, size distribution, uniformity and dispersion can

**8. Conclusions**

**54**

**Conflict of interest**
