**7. Specially reconfigured 2D metals**

2D matrix owes single-layer pattern of crystalline materials owing distinct physical and chemical features leading to assorted applications like photovoltaic, semiconductor, electrode, water-oil separation/purification, marker, bio-sensor, etc. [14]. Amid 2D matrixes self-supporting metallic matrix is very hard to obtain due to involvement of characteristics 3D structural bonding. Top-down/bottom-up synthetic approach produces self-supported single-layer 2D metal matrixes owing surface controlled properties and stability <2 nm cross-section, but giant films size and range are limited. Wet-chemical paths yield bulk 2D metal matrix, while few atomic layer reinforcements are obtained via mechanical exfoliation (metal's tiny plane size is lesser than few micrometer). Indeed it is very tricky task to create bulky 2D metallic frameworks as large as and as chemically complex as 3D matrix. Facile reinforcements are obtained through advance nanotechnology are best employed in mechanical devices. Vapor deposition technique has re-configured coating of thin metallic layers at the apex of hydro-gel substrates yielding swallow/deform exfoliated films. In-plane dimension/chemical composition method has reconfigured much precious freestanding 2D nanomembrane without physical margin viz.; Ti-metallic films, more entropy alloy FeCoNiCrNb and metal-glass ZrCuAlNi, non-layered ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, composites [15]. These reinforced 2D matrixes owe 3D chemically complexity and pave a path to unknown remarkable world of low-dimensional matrixes lead to novel usages including soft robotic, flexible electronic, filtration, bio-composite and bio-engineering. Certain low dimensional self-supportive metallic/non-metallic membranes are reinforced for restricted plane size <10 μm, but polymer exfoliated folding yields apt geometry/morphology as chemically complex as 3D matrixes owing surface induced physic-chemical

characteristics as shown in **Table 1**. Such freestanding material matrixes gained terrific interests due to distinct nano-skeleton and shrink dimensionality, special physico-chemical features and indent modern applications. Reconfigured 2D metal system hold inherently bonding akin to 3D scale, thus emerged as thermodynamically stable atypical single layer (cross-size <2 nm) matrixes. Tiny 2D metal matrixes are tricky for practical applications, while steady high surface-volume reinforcement augment innate thickness from 0.8 nm to 50 nm and lateral dimension from 20 nm to 8000 nm with aspect ratio from 10 to 1000, thus defeats thermodynamic stability barrier. Despite geometry/morphology restraints reconfigured 2D metal matrix showed unusual features like eminent electrical/heat conductance, great flexibility and proactive surface which is best for flexible electronics and clean energy production. Reinforced 2D Au/Ag-Bi metal matrixes shows profound surface plasmon resonance being best for LSPR-sensors applications.

Bottom-up mechanical compression, nanolithography, top-down solution-base chemical methods are used in reinforcement of 2D metal alloy and glass in bulk amounts. Assorted synthetic reinforcements are used to direct geometry of 2D metal matrixes as nano-sheets, membranes and films. Masking agent also controls film deposition and results desired shape 2D surfaces like Ag-C matrix, ultra-thin nano-TiO2 sheet, silicon nano-sheet, high entropy alloy, ZrCuAlNi, and SiC ceramic.

PolySlide Company yields reinforced composite-tubes and optional metallic feedstock to be used in making of pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders. PolySlide tubes are blend of filament-glass fiber with resins due for unusual aspects like dynamic component, non-conductive, good dimensional stability, non-corrosive and impingement resistance beside sustainability at extreme conditions viz.; high/ low temperature, oil/grease, grit, salt and acid/base chemicals. Such reinforced cylinder owes size range from 0.25-in. inner diameter till industrial grade 24-in. diameter. PolySlide tubing found to prevent galling which let sealing slide over applied surface contour and reduces knit friction. Some reinforcements are derived through frameworks like wound glass-fiber, resin and polytetrafluoroethylene in many matrixes viz.; composite tubing, bearing and pneumatic cylinder. Such matrixes are preferred over metals due to unique features like huge load-bearing capacity, little friction, non-corrosive, resistant, self-lubricant and no-greasing. Reinforced matrixes reinstate metal usages for making special things like building equipment, mining/farming wheels, compact track loader, excavator, back-hoes implement, applicator, cart and spreaders [15].


#### **Table 1.**

*Relative analysis of thickness and in-plane dimension of 2D metal matrixes yield via different methods [13, 14].*

**11**

quantum computing.

**9. Reconfigured matrixes for spintronic**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

Several 3D superconducting quantum materials are reincarnated as electronic "energy stacks" being active at 2D topological surfaces [13]. Every recreated energy stack own special states viable for 2D quantum Hall effect viable for mesoscopic transportation in quasi-1D matrix through maintained parity and time-reversal symmetries (controlled by energy gain and loss). Quantum movement in reincarnated matrix is analyzed by non-Hermitian system only in unbroken phases (not for broken phases) in the energy band using exceptional points. As broken phase allowed spontaneous symmetry states wherein cross-stitch matrix is separated into two identical single lattices equivalent to degenerate eigen states. In quantum phases of matter, intrinsic interfaces exist amongst electrons as quite complex than classi-

Michael Faraday study of light and matter interaction onto thin gold leaf showed faint ruby color fluid production was the first ever reported quantum states, too supported its validity [13–16]. Today quantum physics and computing have certified such quantum things a bit more irony, as formerly noted as unbelievable. Superconductivity is observed in many such reincarnated quantum matrixes such as quark-gluon, simple plasma, degenerate matter, Bose-Einstein condensate and quantum-spin liquid. However, quantum spin liquids are surprising due to never aligned but continuously oscillating electron spins even at the lowest absolute zero (as normal matter's spin get frozen). This quantum spin liquid is valuable and practical reincarnated electronic matter at quantum scale due to superior electronic applications and quantum mechanical impacts. Modern S&T have reconfigured many 1/2/3D materials like ballistic LaAlO3/SrTiO3 conductors, quantum hall phased graphene-SrTiO3 matrix and magnon stretch graphene being gifted with unique features like planned quantum state, regimented magnetic stimulations and unique electrical conductance [17]. Advanced nanotechnology generates magnon spread viable for quantum Hall effect or ferromagnetism across the bulk path all over graphene reinforced magnetic phases due to survival of 2D excited electron waves at low temperature. Scientists has reinforced prolong spin-wave guides in-out of quantum hall edge channel via electro-magnetically regimented quantum states

**8. Reincarnated quantum states in 3D materials**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

cal atomic and molecular interactions [16].

across insulated anti-ferromagnetic phases of 2D graphene.

In twenty-first century, many properties of quantum nature of matter were either ignored or unknown earlier are ever explored due to endowed applications in many quantum fields including computing, sensing, teleportation, and communication [1, 13–17]. Reincarnated quantum states offer electric potential with finetuned state marking transition to topological order along with paternal quantum entanglement as viable for quantum Hall effect through such reconfigured 2D/3D matrixes. Scientists have reincarnated remarkable quantum Hall effect in topological superconductors to be used in futuristic fault-tolerant quantum computers. Reincarnated stable state matrixes own quantum entangled storage and process information which aids creation of quantum computing. Physicists had discovered 2D/3D phased topological materials for quantum hall effect and then reincarnated "energy stacks" of 2D electronic states in 3D superconductors for designing of

Spintronics is a gist of spin transport electronic which engaged in study of electron spin-fields allied magnetic moments as cogitated in semiconductor based electronic transistors and metal derived solid-state devices, since from 1990
