**6. Notable reinforcements in 2D graphene**

Graphene own long strands of carbon, thin than hairs are stiff and strong which is often used in making stronger synthetic carbon fibers [9]. Experimental studies and computer simulations have confirmed significance of matrixes reconfigured through lightweight, vigor material called 2D graphene carbon-fibers. Although, carbon-fiber is expensive, its reinforced matrix imparts superior safety in fabricated products like light weight-cars, equipment, gadgets and mainstay of aeroplanes. Trace graphene amount 0.08% w/w reinforced carbon fiber offers 225% larger strength and 184% greater stiffness over PAN-derived fibers. Thus, needs to exploit viability of graphene in making advanced and reconfigured carbon fibers from cheaper precursors, in order to reduce production cost even less. 2D graphene reinforcement produces robust fiber matrixes owing high strength and low manufacturing cost, since usual method uses costly polyacrylonitrile/PAN which enhances 50% cost due to energy inputs [9]. Graphene's planar topology

**7**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

aids constitutional alignment all through the resultant carbon fiber, helps reconfigured matrix to squeeze around its edges. Graphene is the strongest known 2D material, but many 3D structures are reconfigured owing unique features such as highly porous, 10 times strengthen than steel, and quite lighter spongy composites/ matrixes are achieved through advanced nanotechnology techniques. 2D graphene owes robust skeleton/matrix owing many incredible characteristics, except its innate thinness is incompatible in ensuing 3D matrixes. But, this graphene is prone to diverse artificial alterations in geometric configurations due to reinforcements of assorted materials (like synthetic/natural polymers, metal/non-metals and inor-

Rice University, USA have developed laser-induced graphenes/LIG which shoed labeling ability onto many edible material surfaces including toast, coconuts and potatoes. Multiple laser induce graphene-foam seize cross-linked 2D carbon flake aids marking materials thus leads unique function in numerous fields like supercapacitors, fuel-cells electro-catalyst, RF-recognition antenna and bio-sensors/ markers. LIG can turn into paper, cardboard, cloth, coal, and foods beside acts as tag/sensor for *E. coli* bacteria detection. Laser-induce graphene (LIG) foams can reinforced with polystyrene, plastic, rubber, cement, wax materials which tendered smart and robust packaging as significant in many field applications like wearable/ flexible electronics, heat-therapy, water cleansing, anti-ice/de-ice shell, antimicrobial surface design and resistive random-access memory devices. LIG in laser burns thin polyimide sheets and yields intercalated graphene flakes which appeared alternative to woods. Many 3D matrixes are sculpted through reinforcement of 2D graphene foam aids blending with many functional composites/bio-composites and emerged vital module to create dynamic objects in electronic, ultra-hydrophobic

LIG layered 20 μm-thickness electrodes kill bacteria and prevent microbial fouling through antimicrobial action demonstrate several applications like water treatments, hospitals and seawater pipes exemplify surfaces as liable to bio-fouling [10]. LIG reinforced organic additives yield composites expand the range of green and sustainable applications like biomedical films, nanogenerators, puncture detectors, de-icing/anti-ice coats, flexible heating pad and pre-command heat-up garments. Graphene reinforcement in powder sugar and nickel yields foam which is further use to develop novel objects/feedstock for 3D printing/imaging. 2D graphene reinforced carbon nanotube yield 3000 times load supportive 3D rebar framework which is ultra-strong, conductive and protect innate shape best for designing aircraft, battery de-icing nanoopto-electronic, and tissue/bone-implant materials. Laser sintered technique reinforces nitrogen/sulfur in graphene to yield fingertip-block rebar foams carrying 3D matrixes show use in energy storage/damp

Firm quantum matrixes are reconfigured to avail innovative opportunities were unknown earlier [12]. Several metal alloys show surprising performance for traversing potential in 'spin liquid states' as investigative mapping of such quantum materials criticality has established a traveler traverse the final frontier. Here, traveler is metallic-alloy owing ordered constituents following parallel paths which gets altered with applied pressure, temperature and magnetic field, thus knowing concern electron's behavior. Certain *reinforced quantum material matrixes* own self-assembled, tuneable interfaces as observed in plotted journey in their order to disorder pattern. Anti-ferromagnetic interfaces cross solitary border in adjacent zone and marked as paramagnetic materials due to harmony amid trillions of

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

ganic) that yields varied 3D matrixes.

medical equipment and textiles.

and sound absorptions [10, 11].

**6.1 Reinforced quantum matrixes**

#### *Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

*Room-temperature liquid metal alloy matrix for flexible battery/energy store.*

an interplanetary ship using designed liquid metal matrixes inbuilt cushion owing spacecraft with crashing chance on planetary landing, since liquid metal absorbs energy and gets deformed but regains innate shape on heating later can be

*Some liquid metal matrixes/lattices retrieve native shape on crushing/heating.*

Graphene own long strands of carbon, thin than hairs are stiff and strong which is often used in making stronger synthetic carbon fibers [9]. Experimental studies and computer simulations have confirmed significance of matrixes reconfigured through lightweight, vigor material called 2D graphene carbon-fibers. Although, carbon-fiber is expensive, its reinforced matrix imparts superior safety in fabricated products like light weight-cars, equipment, gadgets and mainstay of aeroplanes. Trace graphene amount 0.08% w/w reinforced carbon fiber offers 225% larger strength and 184% greater stiffness over PAN-derived fibers. Thus, needs to exploit viability of graphene in making advanced and reconfigured carbon fibers from cheaper precursors, in order to reduce production cost even less. 2D graphene reinforcement produces robust fiber matrixes owing high strength and low manufacturing cost, since usual method uses costly polyacrylonitrile/PAN which enhances 50% cost due to energy inputs [9]. Graphene's planar topology

**6. Notable reinforcements in 2D graphene**

**6**

reused [8].

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 2.**

aids constitutional alignment all through the resultant carbon fiber, helps reconfigured matrix to squeeze around its edges. Graphene is the strongest known 2D material, but many 3D structures are reconfigured owing unique features such as highly porous, 10 times strengthen than steel, and quite lighter spongy composites/ matrixes are achieved through advanced nanotechnology techniques. 2D graphene owes robust skeleton/matrix owing many incredible characteristics, except its innate thinness is incompatible in ensuing 3D matrixes. But, this graphene is prone to diverse artificial alterations in geometric configurations due to reinforcements of assorted materials (like synthetic/natural polymers, metal/non-metals and inorganic) that yields varied 3D matrixes.

Rice University, USA have developed laser-induced graphenes/LIG which shoed labeling ability onto many edible material surfaces including toast, coconuts and potatoes. Multiple laser induce graphene-foam seize cross-linked 2D carbon flake aids marking materials thus leads unique function in numerous fields like supercapacitors, fuel-cells electro-catalyst, RF-recognition antenna and bio-sensors/ markers. LIG can turn into paper, cardboard, cloth, coal, and foods beside acts as tag/sensor for *E. coli* bacteria detection. Laser-induce graphene (LIG) foams can reinforced with polystyrene, plastic, rubber, cement, wax materials which tendered smart and robust packaging as significant in many field applications like wearable/ flexible electronics, heat-therapy, water cleansing, anti-ice/de-ice shell, antimicrobial surface design and resistive random-access memory devices. LIG in laser burns thin polyimide sheets and yields intercalated graphene flakes which appeared alternative to woods. Many 3D matrixes are sculpted through reinforcement of 2D graphene foam aids blending with many functional composites/bio-composites and emerged vital module to create dynamic objects in electronic, ultra-hydrophobic medical equipment and textiles.

LIG layered 20 μm-thickness electrodes kill bacteria and prevent microbial fouling through antimicrobial action demonstrate several applications like water treatments, hospitals and seawater pipes exemplify surfaces as liable to bio-fouling [10]. LIG reinforced organic additives yield composites expand the range of green and sustainable applications like biomedical films, nanogenerators, puncture detectors, de-icing/anti-ice coats, flexible heating pad and pre-command heat-up garments. Graphene reinforcement in powder sugar and nickel yields foam which is further use to develop novel objects/feedstock for 3D printing/imaging. 2D graphene reinforced carbon nanotube yield 3000 times load supportive 3D rebar framework which is ultra-strong, conductive and protect innate shape best for designing aircraft, battery de-icing nanoopto-electronic, and tissue/bone-implant materials. Laser sintered technique reinforces nitrogen/sulfur in graphene to yield fingertip-block rebar foams carrying 3D matrixes show use in energy storage/damp and sound absorptions [10, 11].

#### **6.1 Reinforced quantum matrixes**

Firm quantum matrixes are reconfigured to avail innovative opportunities were unknown earlier [12]. Several metal alloys show surprising performance for traversing potential in 'spin liquid states' as investigative mapping of such quantum materials criticality has established a traveler traverse the final frontier. Here, traveler is metallic-alloy owing ordered constituents following parallel paths which gets altered with applied pressure, temperature and magnetic field, thus knowing concern electron's behavior. Certain *reinforced quantum material matrixes* own self-assembled, tuneable interfaces as observed in plotted journey in their order to disorder pattern. Anti-ferromagnetic interfaces cross solitary border in adjacent zone and marked as paramagnetic materials due to harmony amid trillions of

electron amending mutual position. Some reinforced matrixes follow such quantum criticality and it is easy to analyze relative phase changes. Liquid metal alloy acts like of spin liquid, though metallic stress yields quantum matrix. Reconfigured metal alloys are used to study weird electronic excitation that aids designing of high-temperature superconducting quantum materials. Assorted self-assembled, tuneable interfaces are reinforced in quantum materials which have revolutionized modern device developments and thrust innovative highly adoptable electronic devices afar present imagination. In fact quantum materials are more complex than conventional semiconductors; thus lay great task in designing of clean interfaces through advanced designing. Research has revealed incredibly improved and novel functional characteristics arise amongst interfaces of reinforced quantum materials.

Advance techniques yield diverse liquid metal-alloy/matrix that leads to offer designed native electrical features being at par/superior to familiar semiconductors. Certain reinforced metal matrixes have shown incessant shift from metal to semiconductor on varying thermodynamic conditions such as density, admix proportion/ratio and temperature. Some synthetic matrixes like liquid selenium and Cs-Au liquid-alloy are develop with switch metallic-semiconducting performance due to altered native chemical interactions/configuration. Liquid gallium is reconfigured via tri-block organic-copolymer as void elastomeric matrix offering superb electric conductance besides solid to liquid phase changes on small melting being best feedstock to yield ultra-stretched shape memory fibers. Reinforcement induces solidified core transformation in liquid-gallium imparting better stiffness and great deform shape with fiber modulus change (from 4 MPa to 1253 MPa). Elastic energy hoard is seen in such hollow shell of liquid gallium during deformation which relaxes elastomeric fiber and regain usual shape on small heating, thus endowed shape memory features. In fact gallium is used to make shape memory fibers due to many valuable features like; good metal framework, improved electric/heat conductance, ideal fixity and adjustable effectual modulus. Low melting alloys are reconfigured as fusible matrixes permitting metal to reshape into liquid/semi-solid state at low temperatures with subsequent re-solidification. Malleable and elastomeric conductive fibers are reconfigured for opted rigidity and variable shape memory modulus which offered outstanding utilities in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and wearable devices. Many reinforced fibers are crafted in complex geometry via twisting and angular parting which provides deformation with preserved electrical continuity in resultant matrixes. The qualitative properties of material controls reinforcement of matrix and direct designing of various parts, equipment and products for industrial/practical usages. Throughout matrix reinforcements the constituting materials get adjoined and casted to design templates without collapsing further. Nano-technologically brings lithe reinforcements even at molecular level by stirring strong electrical interconnecting targets, so lay basis for assorted matrixes to be used in flexible electronics, light-weight aerospace components and robotics.

Some reinforced matrix seizes magnetic moment allied in unlike directions but parallel to interfaces (unconcern to close-set electrons) lack magnetism due to shielding/screening. Theoretical modeling is use to reinforce complex competitive interactions at quantum levels in such reinforced matrixes. Neutron spectroscopy also illustrated such interactions in metal matrix viable for impulsive pattern wherein electronic and magnetic characters get swapped periodically. Periodic array can attend interfaces amongst swapping layers akin to interfaces seen in reconfigured hetero-structure. Auto/self assembled interfaces attain through quantum engineering impart clean in-situ interface-width directed through applied magnetic field and temperature. Many reconfigured matrixes shown remarkable features like retrieve energy absorption, adjustable rigidity and elasticity and gifted various advance applicability in designing web-mesh antenna, aerospace, soft-robotic,

**9**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

meta-material, 3D printing, flexible electronic and coolant for nuclear reactor [13]. Many multifunctional liquid metal matrixes/alloys we obtained via hybrid design/

2D matrix owes single-layer pattern of crystalline materials owing distinct physical and chemical features leading to assorted applications like photovoltaic, semiconductor, electrode, water-oil separation/purification, marker, bio-sensor, etc. [14]. Amid 2D matrixes self-supporting metallic matrix is very hard to obtain due to involvement of characteristics 3D structural bonding. Top-down/bottom-up synthetic approach produces self-supported single-layer 2D metal matrixes owing surface controlled properties and stability <2 nm cross-section, but giant films size and range are limited. Wet-chemical paths yield bulk 2D metal matrix, while few atomic layer reinforcements are obtained via mechanical exfoliation (metal's tiny plane size is lesser than few micrometer). Indeed it is very tricky task to create bulky 2D metallic frameworks as large as and as chemically complex as 3D matrix. Facile reinforcements are obtained through advance nanotechnology are best employed in mechanical devices. Vapor deposition technique has re-configured coating of thin metallic layers at the apex of hydro-gel substrates yielding swallow/deform exfoliated films. In-plane dimension/chemical composition method has reconfigured much precious freestanding 2D nanomembrane without physical margin viz.; Ti-metallic films, more entropy alloy FeCoNiCrNb and metal-glass ZrCuAlNi, non-layered ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, composites [15]. These reinforced 2D matrixes owe 3D chemically complexity and pave a path to unknown remarkable world of low-dimensional matrixes lead to novel usages including soft robotic, flexible electronic, filtration, bio-composite and bio-engineering. Certain low dimensional self-supportive metallic/non-metallic membranes are reinforced for restricted plane size <10 μm, but polymer exfoliated folding yields apt geometry/morphology as chemically complex as 3D matrixes owing surface induced physic-chemical

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

built-up method as shown in **Figure 4**.

*Multifunctional liquid metal matrixes yield through hybrid design/built-up.*

**Figure 4.**

**7. Specially reconfigured 2D metals**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

electron amending mutual position. Some reinforced matrixes follow such quantum criticality and it is easy to analyze relative phase changes. Liquid metal alloy acts like of spin liquid, though metallic stress yields quantum matrix. Reconfigured metal alloys are used to study weird electronic excitation that aids designing of high-temperature superconducting quantum materials. Assorted self-assembled, tuneable interfaces are reinforced in quantum materials which have revolutionized modern device developments and thrust innovative highly adoptable electronic devices afar present imagination. In fact quantum materials are more complex than conventional semiconductors; thus lay great task in designing of clean interfaces through advanced designing. Research has revealed incredibly improved and novel functional characteristics arise amongst interfaces of reinforced quantum materials. Advance techniques yield diverse liquid metal-alloy/matrix that leads to offer designed native electrical features being at par/superior to familiar semiconductors. Certain reinforced metal matrixes have shown incessant shift from metal to semiconductor on varying thermodynamic conditions such as density, admix proportion/ratio and temperature. Some synthetic matrixes like liquid selenium and Cs-Au liquid-alloy are develop with switch metallic-semiconducting performance due to altered native chemical interactions/configuration. Liquid gallium is reconfigured via tri-block organic-copolymer as void elastomeric matrix offering superb electric conductance besides solid to liquid phase changes on small melting being best feedstock to yield ultra-stretched shape memory fibers. Reinforcement induces solidified core transformation in liquid-gallium imparting better stiffness and great deform shape with fiber modulus change (from 4 MPa to 1253 MPa). Elastic energy hoard is seen in such hollow shell of liquid gallium during deformation which relaxes elastomeric fiber and regain usual shape on small heating, thus endowed shape memory features. In fact gallium is used to make shape memory fibers due to many valuable features like; good metal framework, improved electric/heat conductance, ideal fixity and adjustable effectual modulus. Low melting alloys are reconfigured as fusible matrixes permitting metal to reshape into liquid/semi-solid state at low temperatures with subsequent re-solidification. Malleable and elastomeric conductive fibers are reconfigured for opted rigidity and variable shape memory modulus which offered outstanding utilities in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and wearable devices. Many reinforced fibers are crafted in complex geometry via twisting and angular parting which provides deformation with preserved electrical continuity in resultant matrixes. The qualitative properties of material controls reinforcement of matrix and direct designing of various parts, equipment and products for industrial/practical usages. Throughout matrix reinforcements the constituting materials get adjoined and casted to design templates without collapsing further. Nano-technologically brings lithe reinforcements even at molecular level by stirring strong electrical interconnecting targets, so lay basis for assorted matrixes to be used in flexible electronics, light-weight aerospace components and robotics. Some reinforced matrix seizes magnetic moment allied in unlike directions but parallel to interfaces (unconcern to close-set electrons) lack magnetism due to shielding/screening. Theoretical modeling is use to reinforce complex competitive interactions at quantum levels in such reinforced matrixes. Neutron spectroscopy also illustrated such interactions in metal matrix viable for impulsive pattern

wherein electronic and magnetic characters get swapped periodically. Periodic array can attend interfaces amongst swapping layers akin to interfaces seen in reconfigured hetero-structure. Auto/self assembled interfaces attain through quantum engineering impart clean in-situ interface-width directed through applied magnetic field and temperature. Many reconfigured matrixes shown remarkable features like retrieve energy absorption, adjustable rigidity and elasticity and gifted various advance applicability in designing web-mesh antenna, aerospace, soft-robotic,

**8**

**Figure 4.** *Multifunctional liquid metal matrixes yield through hybrid design/built-up.*

meta-material, 3D printing, flexible electronic and coolant for nuclear reactor [13]. Many multifunctional liquid metal matrixes/alloys we obtained via hybrid design/ built-up method as shown in **Figure 4**.
