Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials

*Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip R. Peshwe*

### **1. New trends in futuristic 2D material matrixes: to graphene and beyond it**

The reconfigured matrixes begin a crucial research domain, as it is a need and necessity of new materials to crack challenges in domestic, food-packing industry, environment, computer, engineering and technological for twenty-first century and beyond [1]. Functional material matrixes play a major role in tackling such confronts, solution to the harmful environmental pollution, for light-weight aerocraft components, sustainable constructions, energy-generation/storage, foodpackaging, and space journey [1, 2]. Finding of materials endure non-stop R&D as growth and usage of novel multifunctional materials is quite vast. Identifying the worth and prospective of functionality for the progress of futuristic materials, global researchers ever explores many materials milieu. Without doubt, lots of fields apprehend merit of functional reinforcements in materials to derive varied utility including nanotechnology, shape memory, ferroelectric, electronic, thermal, conductor, insulator, opto-electric, magnetic, phase-change and biology [1–3]. Science and technological progressions were persistent from past few millenniums and amplify with great tempo in twenty-first century. In this advanced nanotechnology era discovery of more practical and sustainable novel materials are significantly augmented.

Profuse 2D materials can capably alter into splendid matrixes in practical mode with innate development in nano-scale and atomic-level applications [4]. Graphene's 2D skeleton has inspired great interests in reinforcement of many 2D/3D templates famed as recent "alchemy" attempts to modify all possible periodic table elements into creative and applied matrixes. Such reconfigured 2D/3D matrixes endowed diverse devices, tools and gadgets leads to finer quality and superior optical encoder outputs for assorted industrial usages. Yet, core stability and large size restraints applicability of graphene, which can be overcome by some changes like functionalization and substrate-based reinforcement in 2D frameworks. 2D/3D materials seek special innovations to correct limiting features through synthetic reconfigurations due for deviceproduction approach like hetero-structure advancements being practical for novel applications and opportunities [5]. Introductory chapter is an overview of recent avenues for 2D/3D matrix owing assorted alterations, reconfigurations and designing to get diversified applications in advancement of S&T in twenty-first century.

### **2. Modern matrixes in development of S&T**

New matrixes owing manipulated modern functionalities yield through reconfigurations offer progressive applications in S&T. Many comprehend materials endure in matrix reinforcement through precise and rational designing can endow novel characteristics as missing in usual materials. Modern science and nano-technology assisted diverse reconfigurations in material skeleton so as to produce assorted nano-materials, decisive-particles, species and devices both at atomic and molecular levels [5]. Logical reconfigurations in material cut down its spatial dimension in local crystallographic phases via augmented features including mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal, optical, electrical, electronic and rheological. Many reconfigured matrixes own mentioned nano-porous frameworks as zero dimensional/3D (particle, grain; shell; capsule; ring; colloidal), one dimensional/2D (quasi crystal, nano-rod; filament; tube; quantum wire) and two dimensional/1D (disc; platelet; ultrathin film; super lattice; quantum well/dot). Nowadays, many 1D/2D/3D matrixes like graphene, germanene, silicene, carbide, nitride, MXene, spintronic, etc. are employed in creation of advance devices and tools as reconfigured through respirocyte, nano-dendrimer micelle, drug conjugate, carbon nanotube, quantum-dot/well [1–6].

#### **3. Reconfigured magnetic 2D materials beyond graphene**

Graphene is mere a tip of iceberg and finding of optional 2D materials like metal oxides, metal hydroxides and chalcogenides and metal-organic framework is the opening to spot rest of whole iceberg. Magnetic materials hold significance in diverse fields such as; data storage, electronic, and bio-medical. Many 2D materials like, h-BN, metal dichalcogenide, metal hydroxide and carbon nitride are reconfigured via attenuated features like strain, void, defect/vacancy, tangible magnetism, doping, adatom, dangling and bond induce low-dimensional magnetism [5, 6]. Certain layered material like CrXTe3, CrI3, trisulfide and 2D metal oxide such as MoO3, Ni(OH)2 beside perovskites viz.; CaTiO3 (XIIA2 + VIB4+X2− 3) are reinforced through unusual strain-and-layer govern anisotropic magnetic ordering [4–6]. A few framed matrixes hold extra degree of freedom called valley state are best reinforced with precise tasks like spintronics, and photoelectronic potential to be employed for fast processing and huge data storage next-generation devices [6]. Diverse reconfigured 2D matrixes show quasi magnetism induced between few-atom-thick layers, e.g., MXene, metal-organic framework, metal carbide, nitride and carbo-nitride. Lots of synthetic reinforcement are feasible in 3D lattice which consumes innate crystalline imperfections like interfacial-defect, interstitial ion, substitution impurity, imperfection, dislocation in order to tackle the exigent dimensional and structural changes.

#### **4. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)**

Metal organic framework is a matrix reinforced with organic linker amid metal node own unique features like, huge surface area, great porosity, tuneable pore-size and lithe functionality leads to various modern and multi-functional utility in S&T [1–6]. MOFs advanced usages includes gas-storage, oil-water separations, heterocatalysts, sensors, proton-conductivity and biomedicines. Past few decades have reconfigured many matrixes to establish strong perceptive in buildup of progressive MOFs for desired utilities. Advance MOFs are formulated as periodic, convenient,

**5**

repeatability.

**Figure 1.**

**5. Formulated liquid metal matrix**

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

nano-scaled matrixes owing large specific surface area from single/grouped metal which leads to diverse applications including organic strut, linker, ligand, sensor, marker, gas/energy-storage, CO2 confiscation, electro-catalysis, and drug delivery besides filtration, oil-spillage/radioactive sludge clearance. Reconfigured MOFs have prospective tasks in tackling critical issues in the future era. MOFs have creditable control on movement of one moiety in concern to another as best for exploitation in separation and catalysis beside own innate ability of holding precise molecules being practicable for chemisorptions, high and low-pressure adsorption testing besides storage. Such capacities in MOFs are derived honestly through reconfigured internal skeletons, so careful and precise investigations get invoked for progressive matrixes offering characterized functions. MOFs owe unique features like surface strengths and molecular interactions need to reconfigure for native functionality like hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and superior catalytic activity. Possible utility of MOFs in S&T as shown in **Figure 1** includes testing many gases like NOx, H2S and SO2 and volatile organic compound with control

Binghamton University, USA have formulated such liquid metal lattices embraced mutually via silicone covering which crushing/heating get back to its native form [4]. Many liquid metal matrixes are reconfigured to discover myriad applications including soft optoelectronics, liquid metal robots, foldable antennas and aerospaces, etc. Caltech Institute, California, have developed amorphous liquidmetal alloy called Vitreloy (trade name) in 2003, for making industrial things, golf-club, watch and cell-phone covers [6]. First liquid metal lattice was reinforced in rubber shell as fields alloy from bismuth, indium, and tin metal leads to superior usages like; portable/grid energy-store, rechargeable battery electrodes nuclear plants/reactor coolant, 3D printing, vacuum casting and electronic circuitry as shown in **Figure 2**. They owe pied characteristics like high tensile strength, deformability, corrosion resistive, electronic conductance, superior electrochemistry and anti-wear capacity thus provides conformal coat/guard against humidity, dirt, chemicals and temperature. Some liquid metal matrixes are amorphous at NTP and induce heat during its processing thus workable as substitute to thermoplastics [7]. Some liquid metal matrixes are safe, sturdy and suck huge energy on crushing, besides regain usual shape after heating/cooling, thus reuse without further processing as shown in **Figure 3**. Many liquid metal matrix tenders great prospect to NASA satellite missions, space-crafts and rockets as designer can group "spider web" into tiny package being easy to open out as transmitter in rotator orbits [6, 7] (occupy less area onboard vessel, expand on lands at target). Scientists fabricate

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Possible utility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in S&T.*

*Introductory Chapter: Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93243*

*Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials*

carbon nanotube, quantum-dot/well [1–6].

dimensional and structural changes.

**4. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)**

**3. Reconfigured magnetic 2D materials beyond graphene**

Graphene is mere a tip of iceberg and finding of optional 2D materials like metal oxides, metal hydroxides and chalcogenides and metal-organic framework is the opening to spot rest of whole iceberg. Magnetic materials hold significance in diverse fields such as; data storage, electronic, and bio-medical. Many 2D materials like, h-BN, metal dichalcogenide, metal hydroxide and carbon nitride are reconfigured via attenuated features like strain, void, defect/vacancy, tangible magnetism, doping, adatom, dangling and bond induce low-dimensional magnetism [5, 6]. Certain layered material like CrXTe3, CrI3, trisulfide and 2D metal oxide such as MoO3, Ni(OH)2 beside perovskites viz.; CaTiO3 (XIIA2 + VIB4+X2−

reinforced through unusual strain-and-layer govern anisotropic magnetic ordering [4–6]. A few framed matrixes hold extra degree of freedom called valley state are best reinforced with precise tasks like spintronics, and photoelectronic potential to be employed for fast processing and huge data storage next-generation devices [6]. Diverse reconfigured 2D matrixes show quasi magnetism induced between few-atom-thick layers, e.g., MXene, metal-organic framework, metal carbide, nitride and carbo-nitride. Lots of synthetic reinforcement are feasible in 3D lattice which consumes innate crystalline imperfections like interfacial-defect, interstitial ion, substitution impurity, imperfection, dislocation in order to tackle the exigent

Metal organic framework is a matrix reinforced with organic linker amid metal node own unique features like, huge surface area, great porosity, tuneable pore-size and lithe functionality leads to various modern and multi-functional utility in S&T [1–6]. MOFs advanced usages includes gas-storage, oil-water separations, heterocatalysts, sensors, proton-conductivity and biomedicines. Past few decades have reconfigured many matrixes to establish strong perceptive in buildup of progressive MOFs for desired utilities. Advance MOFs are formulated as periodic, convenient,

3) are

**2. Modern matrixes in development of S&T**

New matrixes owing manipulated modern functionalities yield through reconfigurations offer progressive applications in S&T. Many comprehend materials endure in matrix reinforcement through precise and rational designing can endow novel characteristics as missing in usual materials. Modern science and nano-technology assisted diverse reconfigurations in material skeleton so as to produce assorted nano-materials, decisive-particles, species and devices both at atomic and molecular levels [5]. Logical reconfigurations in material cut down its spatial dimension in local crystallographic phases via augmented features including mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal, optical, electrical, electronic and rheological. Many reconfigured matrixes own mentioned nano-porous frameworks as zero dimensional/3D (particle, grain; shell; capsule; ring; colloidal), one dimensional/2D (quasi crystal, nano-rod; filament; tube; quantum wire) and two dimensional/1D (disc; platelet; ultrathin film; super lattice; quantum well/dot). Nowadays, many 1D/2D/3D matrixes like graphene, germanene, silicene, carbide, nitride, MXene, spintronic, etc. are employed in creation of advance devices and tools as reconfigured through respirocyte, nano-dendrimer micelle, drug conjugate,

**4**

**Figure 1.** *Possible utility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in S&T.*

nano-scaled matrixes owing large specific surface area from single/grouped metal which leads to diverse applications including organic strut, linker, ligand, sensor, marker, gas/energy-storage, CO2 confiscation, electro-catalysis, and drug delivery besides filtration, oil-spillage/radioactive sludge clearance. Reconfigured MOFs have prospective tasks in tackling critical issues in the future era. MOFs have creditable control on movement of one moiety in concern to another as best for exploitation in separation and catalysis beside own innate ability of holding precise molecules being practicable for chemisorptions, high and low-pressure adsorption testing besides storage. Such capacities in MOFs are derived honestly through reconfigured internal skeletons, so careful and precise investigations get invoked for progressive matrixes offering characterized functions. MOFs owe unique features like surface strengths and molecular interactions need to reconfigure for native functionality like hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and superior catalytic activity. Possible utility of MOFs in S&T as shown in **Figure 1** includes testing many gases like NOx, H2S and SO2 and volatile organic compound with control repeatability.

#### **5. Formulated liquid metal matrix**

Binghamton University, USA have formulated such liquid metal lattices embraced mutually via silicone covering which crushing/heating get back to its native form [4]. Many liquid metal matrixes are reconfigured to discover myriad applications including soft optoelectronics, liquid metal robots, foldable antennas and aerospaces, etc. Caltech Institute, California, have developed amorphous liquidmetal alloy called Vitreloy (trade name) in 2003, for making industrial things, golf-club, watch and cell-phone covers [6]. First liquid metal lattice was reinforced in rubber shell as fields alloy from bismuth, indium, and tin metal leads to superior usages like; portable/grid energy-store, rechargeable battery electrodes nuclear plants/reactor coolant, 3D printing, vacuum casting and electronic circuitry as shown in **Figure 2**. They owe pied characteristics like high tensile strength, deformability, corrosion resistive, electronic conductance, superior electrochemistry and anti-wear capacity thus provides conformal coat/guard against humidity, dirt, chemicals and temperature. Some liquid metal matrixes are amorphous at NTP and induce heat during its processing thus workable as substitute to thermoplastics [7].

Some liquid metal matrixes are safe, sturdy and suck huge energy on crushing, besides regain usual shape after heating/cooling, thus reuse without further processing as shown in **Figure 3**. Many liquid metal matrix tenders great prospect to NASA satellite missions, space-crafts and rockets as designer can group "spider web" into tiny package being easy to open out as transmitter in rotator orbits [6, 7] (occupy less area onboard vessel, expand on lands at target). Scientists fabricate

**Figure 2.**

*Room-temperature liquid metal alloy matrix for flexible battery/energy store.*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Some liquid metal matrixes/lattices retrieve native shape on crushing/heating.*

an interplanetary ship using designed liquid metal matrixes inbuilt cushion owing spacecraft with crashing chance on planetary landing, since liquid metal absorbs energy and gets deformed but regains innate shape on heating later can be reused [8].
