**Abstract**

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, formerly called Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), is the most common systemic vasculitis in childhood. It is a small-vessel vasculitis mediated by type III hypersensitivity, manifested as rash accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, arthritis, and nephritis. The etiology of this disease (a leukocytoclastic vasculitis) is still uncertain, but immune complexes of IgA and unidentified antigens seem to have a central pathogenic role. Most often the diagnosis is established after the clinical examination; it is easy at first glance when the clinical presentation includes the classic tetrad of rash (nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura), arthralgia/arthritis, abdominal pain, and renal manifestations but may be difficult when the gastrointestinal manifestations precede the skin purpuric rash. Gastrointestinal involvement is frequently seen and varies from mild symptoms to severe complications; sometimes the gastrointestinal symptoms (colicky abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding) are the first manifestations of the disease. Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is usually a self-limited disease with a benign course, and the treatment is often symptomatic; in severe cases corticosteroids are necessary.

**Keywords:** Henoch-Schönlein purpura, IgA vasculitis, gastrointestinal involvement

#### **1. Introduction**

In 1837 Schönlein described a clinical triad manifested as purpuric rash, arthralgias/arthritis, and renal involvement; 1 year later, Henoch related the association of rash, abdominal pain (with bloody diarrhea), and proteinuria; the clinical association of these symptoms was diagnosed as Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

The term Henoch-Schönlein purpura was replaced with immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgA vasculitis), by the 2012 revised Chapel Hill International Consensus Conference for Nomenclature of Vasculitides [1], based on IgA1-dominant immune deposits affecting small vessels and typically involving the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a small-vessel vasculitis, characterized by a generalized vascular involvement, usually involving the small vessels of the skin, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the kidneys, and the joints; it is an acute IgAmediated disorder that rarely may affect the lungs and the central nervous system (CNS) [2]. IgA vasculitis is a multi-system disorder characterized by palpable purpura, arthritis, glomerulonephritis, and gastrointestinal manifestations and is the most common form of systemic vasculitis for children (90% of cases occur in the pediatric patients) [3].

Although a lot of algorithm diagnoses were proposed (The American College of Rheumatology, Michel's criteria, Chapel Hill Consensus Conference, etc.) [1], the diagnostic criteria remain the one published in 2006 [4], revised by the European League Against Rheumatism/Pediatric Rheumatology International Trial Organization/Pediatric Rheumatology European Society (EULAR/PRINTO/ PRES); the mandatory criterion is palpable purpura in association with at least one of the following: diffuse abdominal pain, arthritis or arthralgia, renal involvement (hematuria and/or proteinuria), and IgA deposition in biopsy specimen (skin, intestinal tract) [5].

Differential diagnosis includes many diseases with systemic manifestations (cutaneous, articular, gastrointestinal, renal) such as Crohn's disease (no palpable purpura or gastrointestinal bleeding), IgA nephropathy (no palpable purpura), and hypersensitivity vasculitis (absence of IgA deposition) [4].

## **2. Epidemiology**

IgA vasculitis is the most common vasculitis for children; it is usually seen in children between 3 and 10 years old (the age peak is 5–7 years) and very rarely in adults [3, 4]. The annual incidence varies greatly, from 13 to 20/100,000 for children to 0.8–1.8/100,000 for adults [6–8]. Demographic data showed that males are more frequently affected (male-to-female ratio varies from 1.2:1 to 1.8:1) [3, 9].

The diagnosis is more commonly established in winter and spring and rarely in summer [7, 8], and this aspect may be explained by the association of this disease with infection factors, while approximately 50% of IgA cases are preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection [10].

Clinical features and severity of the disease also differ by aging, being more severe in adults than in children [10].

### **3. Pathogenesis**

IgA vasculitis is a small-vessel vasculitis syndrome involving the small vessels of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and joints, consisting of palpable purpura, arthralgia, and gastrointestinal and renal manifestations.

The etiology is still unknown, but precipitating factors such as drug intake and/ or upper respiratory tract infections have been associated with the disease development [11]. Although a variety of infectious and chemical triggers are recognized, the underlying cause remains unknown.

In approximately two-thirds of the cases, typical symptoms occur after 7–14 days from an upper respiratory tract infection (previous epidemiological studies have found a seasonal variation of incidence in IgA vasculitis, with more cases occurring in autumn and winter related with upper respiratory tract infection) [4, 11].

Other cases of IgA vasculitis have been associated with several viral infections or vaccinations, foods, drugs, hematological malignancies, and tumors [4].

**37**

*Gastrointestinal Manifestations of IgA Vasculitis-Henoch-Schönlein Purpura*

deposition of IgA immune complex in the walls of vessels.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is mediated by type III hypersensitivity with

Histologically, this disease is characterized by leukocytoclastic vasculitis accompanied by IgA immune complexes within affected organs (deposition of IgA and C3 in small-vessel walls, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration around/in small blood vessels, and leukocytoclasia) [11]. The biopsy of the purpuric lesions showed the involvement of small vessels (primarily postcapillary venules) within the papillary dermis and that the predominant cell types within the inflammatory infiltrate

Although the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, several authors confirmed the implication of abnormal glycosylation of the hinge region of IgA1, elevated levels of IgA anticardiolipin antibodies, and increased levels of transform-

The diagnosis is often a clinical one (based on the classic symptoms and signs); since there is no disease-specific laboratory abnormality, no specific test available

IgA vasculitis typically has a prodrome (headache, anorexia, fever); after that, a lot of symptoms may develop: rash (especially involving the legs), abdominal pain and vomiting, joint pain (especially involving the knees and ankles), subcutaneous

The classic tetrad symptoms are rash, arthralgia/arthritis, abdominal pain, and renal manifestations. The clinical diagnosis is easily made in the presence of all these symptoms but may be omitted when the clinical picture is incomplete; in the absence of the classic purpuric rash, the diagnosis of Ig A vasculitis may not be

Purpura and joint pain are usually the main symptoms on admission, but the symptoms may develop over the course of some days to weeks and may vary in their

• Purpura—the appearing symptom in approximately 75% of patients, usually

• Abdominal pain—colicky pain in 50% of cases and gastrointestinal bleeding in

The skin lesions are the earliest and most common appearance of the disease in the majority of patients (70%) and include palpable nonthrombocytopenic purpura which evolves from erythema to papules and then to non-blanching palpable purpura with petechiae and ecchymosis (**Figure 1**). The rash is the hallmark of the disease and typically appears in crops, with new crops appearing in waves (erup-

The major clinical manifestations are the following:

ing growth factor (TGF)-beta in patients with Ig A vasculitis [12, 13].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86966*

are neutrophils and monocytes [12].

was able to establish the diagnosis.

**4. Clinical manifestation**

edema, scrotal edema, etc.

obvious [14, 15].

order of presentation.

20–30% of cases

**4.1 Skin manifestation**

preceding other symptoms

• Arthralgia/arthritis—50–75% of cases

• Renal disease—20–50% [6, 11, 16–18]

tions usually last an average of 3 weeks).

#### *Gastrointestinal Manifestations of IgA Vasculitis-Henoch-Schönlein Purpura DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86966*

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is mediated by type III hypersensitivity with deposition of IgA immune complex in the walls of vessels.

Histologically, this disease is characterized by leukocytoclastic vasculitis accompanied by IgA immune complexes within affected organs (deposition of IgA and C3 in small-vessel walls, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration around/in small blood vessels, and leukocytoclasia) [11]. The biopsy of the purpuric lesions showed the involvement of small vessels (primarily postcapillary venules) within the papillary dermis and that the predominant cell types within the inflammatory infiltrate are neutrophils and monocytes [12].

Although the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, several authors confirmed the implication of abnormal glycosylation of the hinge region of IgA1, elevated levels of IgA anticardiolipin antibodies, and increased levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in patients with Ig A vasculitis [12, 13].

The diagnosis is often a clinical one (based on the classic symptoms and signs); since there is no disease-specific laboratory abnormality, no specific test available was able to establish the diagnosis.
