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**27**

dysfunction [6].

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

athletes and/or athletes.

**1. Introduction**

Ischemic Preconditioning in

Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

*Raúl Sampieri-Cabrera, Gustavo López-Toledo,* 

**Keywords:** cardiac, skeletal muscle, exercise-induced preconditioning,

ischemia, produces infarction as a result of "cumulative damage" [2].

ischemic preconditioning, physical performance

*Juan Manuel Aceves-Hernández and Virginia Inclán-Rubio*

Since it was discovered, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has motivated research groups around the world to develop preconditioning protocols capable of protecting tissues against prolonged insults. In 31 years of study, promising results have been obtained on the beneficial role of the CPI and the mechanisms involved in its regulation. Also, different preconditioning protocols that have obtained results similar to the classic CPI have been developed, among which is the exercise-induced preconditioning (EP), that has been proven to protect the heart against an insult, mitigate the atrophy of the heart muscle and increase physical performance in

In 1986, Reimer studied the contribution of ATP depletion in the genesis of myocardial damage in an experimental model that involved the production of a series of brief ischemic episodes, assuming that successive ischemia decreased ATP levels. Conversely, Reimer was found to initially decrease the ATP content during the first ischemic episode, but the remaining episodes did not imply significant variation in ATP levels and, in some animals, these periods of ischemia produced cardioprotection [1]. This finding, which challenged the concept of successive episodes of

Murry postulated that the maintenance of ATP in Raimer's experiments, it could be because the myocyte needed less energy, as a consequence of the development of rapid adaptation to ischemia. To test this hypothesis, he performed a series of 4 periods of 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion before the myocardium was submitted to a prolonged 40-minute ischemia. These brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion protect against ischemic damage and reduce 30% of the infarct size; He called this preconditioning or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) [3]. This finding contributed to the development of research lines to study the mechanisms involved in cardiac preconditioning, extending the concept of ischemic preconditioning in studies of: Arrhythmias [4], apoptosis [5] and endothelial

Induced by Exercise
