**2.2 Identification test**

The identification test (T.Id) uses a reaction time (or reaction time of choice) paradigm to measure attention, administration time in healthy and only 3-minute volunteers, and cognitive mastery and attention. In this test the objective is to identify if the card is "red" or "black." If the card is red, the elderly should press the "yes" key as soon as possible; if not red, the elderly should press the "no" key. In this test, the senior should not try to press the "yes" or "no" key before the card turns; if this happens, he will hear an error sound and so on.

There is no other way as the program measures by units. The result of the identification test is the performance speed at which the elderly responds to the test; the response performance speed time is transformed into an average of log10, where the correct answers with a lower score will indicate better performance.

### **2.3 One-card learning test**

The visual learning test uses a standard separation paradigm to measure visual memory and administration time in healthy volunteers in just 6 minutes. In this test the objective is to identify if the card that is revealed had appeared before, so the first answer will be "no." Each time a card is revealed, the senior must decide if the card that is being presented appeared before, always answering as quickly and accurately as possible "yes" or "no"; the volunteer should not try to answer before the card is turned, and the volunteer should try to remember all the cards that are presented in this test. If an incorrect answer is given (e.g., "no" or anticipates the answer), an error noise is heard.

The outcome measure of the test is the performance accuracy when the elderly responds to the test, the square root arc transformation of the proportion to the responses, where a higher value indicates better performance.

### **2.4 One-back test**

The one-lap test uses an n-back paradigm to measure working memory; administration time in healthy volunteers is only 4 min, and the measured cognitive domain is working memory. Learning test application is done with the supervision of the test supervisor. The instructions for the test are the same as the previous tests.

The average reaction times are transformed by log10 for correct responses, and the performance assumption is the square root arc transformation of the proportion of correct responses, where a higher value indicates worse performance.

The main body is where the author explains experiments and presents and interprets data of one's research. This research had a descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative characteristic, which compared the cognitive performance of elderly exercising with weight and sedentary exercises [18]. The study population consisted of male seniors enrolled in the bodybuilding extension of the physical education course of UNIPÊ. The sample consisted of 40 elderly individuals, selected by nonprobabilistic and random procedure, with age range between 60 and 70 years of age and with 20 training practitioners with weight and 20 sedentary.

The evaluations were carried out in the physical evaluation laboratory LAF-UNIPÊ/SANNY of the physical education course of UNIPÊ, for presenting

**83**

**Figure 1.**

*Image acquired during research.*

*Comparison of Cognitive Performance between Elderly Training Practices with Weights…*

favorable conditions and adequate material that allows the reliable application of the research. Participants received an informative report with all the procedures performed in the research. Then, an information document containing all the details regarding the date, time, and place of the research, along with the free and informed consent term, was delivered. The study included elderly between 60 and 70 years old, completed high school and has basic computer skills. The following elderly were excluded from the study: they lacked at least three weight training sessions and did not attend the morphological, neuromuscular, and cognitive tests. After the selection, 24 elderly subjects were divided into 2 groups, being G1 submitted to weight training and G2 control group (sedentary). The G1 underwent 32 training sessions weighing 3 times a week, lasting 40 min, with weekly load progression. The program was developed with a goal of muscular strength (range of three to six repetitions—2 min intervals between the series), developed by a traditional methodology (weights, repetitions series, and fixed intervals), system located by articulation (execution of exercises for lower limbs and upper limbs on separate days), and dynamic work (execution of isotonic exercises), while G2

The present work complied with the norms for conducting research on human beings, resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council, following the recommendations of the Statute of the Elderly, Law 10741/2003. CAAE: 51751415.0.0000.5176. One of the CogState® computerized cognitive testing batteries was used to evaluate cognitive performance, which consists of four tests: simple reaction time (SRT), reaction time of choice (CRT), working memory, and sustained attention (SA), where the four tests were applied in the study. The tests were composed of the following variables: detection test (DET) (Det\_Rap = speed detection, Det\_ Pr = precision detection, Det\_Ac = detection hits, Det\_Er = error detection, and

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89264*

remained sedentary.

## *Comparison of Cognitive Performance between Elderly Training Practices with Weights… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89264*

favorable conditions and adequate material that allows the reliable application of the research. Participants received an informative report with all the procedures performed in the research. Then, an information document containing all the details regarding the date, time, and place of the research, along with the free and informed consent term, was delivered. The study included elderly between 60 and 70 years old, completed high school and has basic computer skills. The following elderly were excluded from the study: they lacked at least three weight training sessions and did not attend the morphological, neuromuscular, and cognitive tests.

After the selection, 24 elderly subjects were divided into 2 groups, being G1 submitted to weight training and G2 control group (sedentary). The G1 underwent 32 training sessions weighing 3 times a week, lasting 40 min, with weekly load progression. The program was developed with a goal of muscular strength (range of three to six repetitions—2 min intervals between the series), developed by a traditional methodology (weights, repetitions series, and fixed intervals), system located by articulation (execution of exercises for lower limbs and upper limbs on separate days), and dynamic work (execution of isotonic exercises), while G2 remained sedentary.

The present work complied with the norms for conducting research on human beings, resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council, following the recommendations of the Statute of the Elderly, Law 10741/2003. CAAE: 51751415.0.0000.5176.

One of the CogState® computerized cognitive testing batteries was used to evaluate cognitive performance, which consists of four tests: simple reaction time (SRT), reaction time of choice (CRT), working memory, and sustained attention (SA), where the four tests were applied in the study. The tests were composed of the following variables: detection test (DET) (Det\_Rap = speed detection, Det\_ Pr = precision detection, Det\_Ac = detection hits, Det\_Er = error detection, and

**Figure 1.** *Image acquired during research.*

*Cardiorespiratory Fitness*

**2.2 Identification test**

**2.3 One-card learning test**

answer), an error noise is heard.

**2.4 One-back test**

previous tests.

this happens, he will hear an error sound and so on.

correct answers with a lower score will indicate better performance.

responses, where a higher value indicates better performance.

The average reaction times are transformed by the log10 unit of measurement for correct answers. The result of the detection test is the average reaction time to which the elderly responded correctly; a higher value indicates a slower response.

The identification test (T.Id) uses a reaction time (or reaction time of choice) paradigm to measure attention, administration time in healthy and only 3-minute volunteers, and cognitive mastery and attention. In this test the objective is to identify if the card is "red" or "black." If the card is red, the elderly should press the "yes" key as soon as possible; if not red, the elderly should press the "no" key. In this test, the senior should not try to press the "yes" or "no" key before the card turns; if

There is no other way as the program measures by units. The result of the identification test is the performance speed at which the elderly responds to the test; the response performance speed time is transformed into an average of log10, where the

The visual learning test uses a standard separation paradigm to measure visual memory and administration time in healthy volunteers in just 6 minutes. In this test the objective is to identify if the card that is revealed had appeared before, so the first answer will be "no." Each time a card is revealed, the senior must decide if the card that is being presented appeared before, always answering as quickly and accurately as possible "yes" or "no"; the volunteer should not try to answer before the card is turned, and the volunteer should try to remember all the cards that are presented in this test. If an incorrect answer is given (e.g., "no" or anticipates the

The outcome measure of the test is the performance accuracy when the elderly responds to the test, the square root arc transformation of the proportion to the

The one-lap test uses an n-back paradigm to measure working memory; administration time in healthy volunteers is only 4 min, and the measured cognitive domain is working memory. Learning test application is done with the supervision of the test supervisor. The instructions for the test are the same as the

of correct responses, where a higher value indicates worse performance.

and with 20 training practitioners with weight and 20 sedentary.

The average reaction times are transformed by log10 for correct responses, and the performance assumption is the square root arc transformation of the proportion

The main body is where the author explains experiments and presents and interprets data of one's research. This research had a descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative characteristic, which compared the cognitive performance of elderly exercising with weight and sedentary exercises [18]. The study population consisted of male seniors enrolled in the bodybuilding extension of the physical education course of UNIPÊ. The sample consisted of 40 elderly individuals, selected by nonprobabilistic and random procedure, with age range between 60 and 70 years of age

The evaluations were carried out in the physical evaluation laboratory LAF-UNIPÊ/SANNY of the physical education course of UNIPÊ, for presenting

**82**


**85**

**Performance cognitive tests**

Working memory (MT)

Speed\_Rap (ms)

Speed\_Hit (ms)

Speed\_Er (ms)

Speed\_Sot An (ms)

Sp\_oT (ms)

**Variables**

**Elderly WT (n = 20)**

**M ± Sd** 1002.65 ± 294.18

28.75 ± 6.95

8.30 ± 7.79 0.55 ± 1.39 77.63 ± 21.87

662\_1732

2\_31 0\_31

0\_5 5.6\_100 *Legend: Elderly WT = elderly exercise practitioners with weight; M = mean; Sd = standard deviation; Min = minimum; Max = maximum; DET = detection test (Det\_Speed = speed detection, Det\_Pr = precision detection, Det\_Hits = detection hits, Det\_Er = error detection, and Det\_Ant = detection of anticipation); T.Id = identification test (Id\_Speed = speed identification, Id\_Pr = precision identification, Id\_Hit = identification of hit, Id\_Er = error identification, and Id\_An = identification in anticipation); LC = learning from a card (L. SC = learning speed card, L. CA = learning card accuracy, L. CS = learning card successes, and LC\_Er = learning card errors; LA = learning anticipation, Speed Er = speed of errors; Sp A = speed of anticipation; Sp oT = Sig = Significance; \**

**Table 1.** *Descriptive and comparative values of cognitive performance among elderly weightlifters and sedentary trainers.*

**Min\_Max**

**M ± Sd** 1178.40 ± 421.6

27.85 ± 7.40 9.40 ± 8.62 6.40 ± 13.35 68.54 ± 25.82

**Sedentary (n = 21)**

**Min\_Max**

667\_2169

10\_36

0\_29 0\_50 23.8\_100

164,500

0.336

112,000

0.006

192,000

0.828

197,000

0.924

152,000

0.194

**"U"**

**Sig.**

**Mann-Whitney**

*Comparison of Cognitive Performance between Elderly Training Practices with Weights…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89264*


*Cardiorespiratory Fitness*

**84**

**Performance cognitive tests**

Simple reaction time (SRT)

Det\_Spee (ms)

Det\_Pr (ms) Det\_Hit (ms) Det\_Er (ms) Det\_Ant (ms) Det\_Spee (ms)

Det\_Pr (ms) Det\_Hit (ms) Det\_Er (ms) Det\_Ant (ms) Lac. Spee (ms)

Lac. Pr (ms) Lac.\_Ac (ms) Aoc\_Er (ms) Aoc\_Ant (ms)

Sustained attention (SA)

Choice reaction time (CRT)

**Variables**

**Elderly WT (n = 20)**

**M ± Sd** 359.8 ± 83.52

95.68 ± 5.65 35.46 ± 1.13 0.38 ± 0.65 1.50 ± 2.11 534.45 ± 86.67

89.05 ± 18.35

29.10 ± 3.06

3.45 ± 7.61 1.60 ± 4.11 904.70 ± 125.87

56.25 ± 7.80 50.70 ± 6.67 37.30 ± 6.67 2.30 ± 3.56

756\_1137 42.9\_68,2

39\_60 28\_49

0\_10

**Min\_Max**

266\_494 84.4\_100

35\_39

0\_2 0\_6 388\_741 37.3\_100

17\_30 0\_27 0\_18

**M ± Sd** 639.25 ± 330.02

81.00 ± 21.91

34.25 ± 3.75 4.60 ± 6.12 8.00 ± 18.80 765.71 ± 321.21

72.65 ± 30.54

27.90 ± 8.06 8.43 ± 11.15 8.90 ± 16.99 1265.10 ± 550.64

59.92 ± 9.49 53.40 ± 8.50 34.60 ± 8.50

1.10 ± 1.66

799\_2225 39.8\_74.4

35\_67 21\_53

0\_5

44,000

0.608

37,500

0.344

37,500

0.344

33,500

0.212

31,000

0.151

238\_1202 20.6\_100

23\_39

0\_20 0\_85 443\_1605

1.5\_100

1\_37 0\_40 0\_57

138,000

0.043

153,500

0.132

177,000

0.284

147,500

0.099

121,500

0.021

86,000

0.093

67,500

0.014

114,500

0.507

70,000

0.025

68,000

0.022

**Sedentary (n = 21)**

**Min\_Max**

**"U"**

**Sig.**

**Mann-Whitney**

### **Table 1.**

*Descriptive and comparative values of cognitive performance among elderly weightlifters and sedentary trainers.*
