**2. Obesity facts**

While the prevalence of obesity appears to have plateau in the United States, emphasis is not only placed in treatment but also prevention as only 8% of normal weight children will become obese adults, while those who are obese during childhood tend to be obese adults. Also, a longitudinal change in percentages of obese children in Jordan, KSA, UAE, Kuwait, and Oman has similar trends. The increased rate of obesity in childhood and in the overall population is also present in the Arab world [13]. Data from this study done by students in Seeb, Muscat, demonstrate how the proportion of children who grew into adolescents that became overweight or obese increased from a single digit (about 7 percent) to more than 20% (so we are talking that in the same cohort of children when they were 6–7 years old only one in ten was classified as obese, but by the time they are late teens, one in five is classified as overweight). Participants were assessed at the beginning of the school year during the screening that took place before entering the different levels of education [14].

Kilani et al. have also presented a similar prevalence of college students who are overweight at SQU, with a much higher proportion of students who present an unhealthy level of body fat [14]. In another survey, males and females had similar values for BMI and WC, and they maintained a normal BMI of <25 Kg/m2 . The genetic predisposition might synergize with environmentally driven factors like physical activity and diet in the etiology of obesity and overweight among Omani and Jordanian adolescents [4, 15]. So, what are some differences between normal weight and obese people? Hormone research agenda is divided into two aspects: exercise endocrinology (hormonal responses to exercise) and the role of physical activity in promoting a healthy lifestyle.

The main characteristics of the syndrome store excess fat in the abdomen as visceral fat (abdominal obesity) and "insulin resistance" [16, 17]. Firstly, obesity generally can be inherited or acquired, especially when an individual lives in an incubator environment to increase the number and size of fat cells. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is rarely caused by a genetic defect that leads to physical, mental, and behavioral problems. One of the factors that contribute to childhood obesity great feeling of hunger and lack of control over eating which leads to chronic overeating (hyperphagia) and obesity [18].

**41**

*Fetal-Neonatal Lifestyle Basis of the Adult Metabolic Syndrome Patients*

Defined etiology of obesity is accounted for (3-5%) with issues related to hormonal diseases, lesions in the hypothalamus, and altered genes (Early-onset

The second is Multi-factorial obesity which results from an interaction between inherited predisposition and environment (epigenetic). PWS results from all alteration in the expression of the paternal chromosome 15, in the regions 11–13, and there are three main genetic alterations that result in the syndrome: paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, and imprinting defect [19]. These causes that people with syndrome although share some common characteristics also present a wide range of abilities and disabilities. As babies, individuals with the syndrome are what we call floppy babies because of their decreased muscle tone, most of them have to be intubated as they fail to thrive, and somewhere between ages 4 and 8, an exacerbated seeking for food behavior begins which turns into hyperphagia that if it is uncontrolled it can turn into obesity [19]. Physically, they could be shorter than normal if not on growth hormone replacement therapy and have small hands and feet; some present intellectual disability, deficit in their sensorial systems and in their motor behavior [19]. Many researchers recommend to reduce weight by 10% of body weight in the first 6 months to a year and continued losing weight after reaching less than 25 in BMI. In general, recommendations include reducing calories

In some studies, 9007 men and 1491 women aged 44 +/−9 years free of metabolic syndrome took measurements of waist circumference and blood pressure and fat and sugar glucose as documented in the baseline and follow-up checks. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by maximal treadmill test duration. During the average follow-up of 5.7 years, 1346 men and 56 women developed metabolic syndrome. Inverse associations between fitness and metabolic syndrome incidence were found, suggesting that greater cardiorespiratory fitness levels may be beneficial in the primary prevention of metabolic syndrome [23]. The purpose of this paper was to review through scientific research published to respond on to the following question: Can the conditions during fetal development program the system to result in a survival advantage, yet increase vulnerability for adult diseases?

The developmental plasticity is the ability of an organism to develop in various ways, depending on the particular environment or setting [24]. This can be based on the interaction of cellular cells, which refers to direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and functions of multicellular organisms, such as complex, structural humans. These interactions allow the cells to communicate with one another in response to changes in the microbial environment [25]. This ability to send and receive signals is essential for cell survival. For instance, normal embryonic and postnatal development requires a fine regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. During organogenesis, cell–cell interactions trigger events such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (thin protective layer) and tubulogenesis (kidney development) that describes tissue that forms a thin protective layer on exposed bodily surfaces and forms the lining of internal cavities, ducts, and organs. Another example is related to cystogenesis, tubulogenesis, and kidney development [26]. Cystogenesis and tubulogenesis are important for many

complex biological processes such as organ development. Again, if we compare an epidermal keratinocyte and a pancreatic acinar cell, the same genome, yet their profound morphological, physiological, and biochemical differences are entirely

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84218*

hyperphagia caused the pathologic obesity) [18].

including reducing 500–1000 calories per day [20–22].

**3. Developmental plasticity**

### *Fetal-Neonatal Lifestyle Basis of the Adult Metabolic Syndrome Patients DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84218*

*Cardiorespiratory Fitness*

and physical aspects [6–9].

Cardiovascular (hyperlipidemia) [12].

activity in promoting a healthy lifestyle.

ing (hyperphagia) and obesity [18].

**2. Obesity facts**

education [14].

recognition of the importance of school sports in maximizing the use of the time available to activate the lesson of physical education. This interest emphasizes the inclusion in many studies of its recommendations on the importance of school sports and its role in the development of students from the mental, psychological,

Physical activity has much health, psychological, and social benefits. It helps to raise the level of fitness for better health and more active life. It also helps prevent many diseases or metabolic symptoms. It also reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, low back pain, and obesity, as well as the development of health and nutrition knowledge

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which refers to all the biochemical processes that occur in the body; it is a group of metabolic abnormality-related risk factors that greatly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and health problems in the heart and blood vessels. Also, their biochemical processes in the body that leads to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance causing type 2 diabetes and

While the prevalence of obesity appears to have plateau in the United States, emphasis is not only placed in treatment but also prevention as only 8% of normal weight children will become obese adults, while those who are obese during childhood tend to be obese adults. Also, a longitudinal change in percentages of obese children in Jordan, KSA, UAE, Kuwait, and Oman has similar trends. The increased rate of obesity in childhood and in the overall population is also present in the Arab world [13]. Data from this study done by students in Seeb, Muscat, demonstrate how the proportion of children who grew into adolescents that became overweight or obese increased from a single digit (about 7 percent) to more than 20% (so we are talking that in the same cohort of children when they were 6–7 years old only one in ten was classified as obese, but by the time they are late teens, one in five is classified as overweight). Participants were assessed at the beginning of the school year during the screening that took place before entering the different levels of

Kilani et al. have also presented a similar prevalence of college students who are overweight at SQU, with a much higher proportion of students who present an unhealthy level of body fat [14]. In another survey, males and females had similar

genetic predisposition might synergize with environmentally driven factors like physical activity and diet in the etiology of obesity and overweight among Omani and Jordanian adolescents [4, 15]. So, what are some differences between normal weight and obese people? Hormone research agenda is divided into two aspects: exercise endocrinology (hormonal responses to exercise) and the role of physical

The main characteristics of the syndrome store excess fat in the abdomen as visceral fat (abdominal obesity) and "insulin resistance" [16, 17]. Firstly, obesity generally can be inherited or acquired, especially when an individual lives in an incubator environment to increase the number and size of fat cells. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is rarely caused by a genetic defect that leads to physical, mental, and behavioral problems. One of the factors that contribute to childhood obesity great feeling of hunger and lack of control over eating which leads to chronic overeat-

. The

values for BMI and WC, and they maintained a normal BMI of <25 Kg/m2

and the development of positive attitudes toward physical activity [2, 9–11].

**40**

Defined etiology of obesity is accounted for (3-5%) with issues related to hormonal diseases, lesions in the hypothalamus, and altered genes (Early-onset hyperphagia caused the pathologic obesity) [18].

The second is Multi-factorial obesity which results from an interaction between inherited predisposition and environment (epigenetic). PWS results from all alteration in the expression of the paternal chromosome 15, in the regions 11–13, and there are three main genetic alterations that result in the syndrome: paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, and imprinting defect [19]. These causes that people with syndrome although share some common characteristics also present a wide range of abilities and disabilities. As babies, individuals with the syndrome are what we call floppy babies because of their decreased muscle tone, most of them have to be intubated as they fail to thrive, and somewhere between ages 4 and 8, an exacerbated seeking for food behavior begins which turns into hyperphagia that if it is uncontrolled it can turn into obesity [19]. Physically, they could be shorter than normal if not on growth hormone replacement therapy and have small hands and feet; some present intellectual disability, deficit in their sensorial systems and in their motor behavior [19]. Many researchers recommend to reduce weight by 10% of body weight in the first 6 months to a year and continued losing weight after reaching less than 25 in BMI. In general, recommendations include reducing calories including reducing 500–1000 calories per day [20–22].

In some studies, 9007 men and 1491 women aged 44 +/−9 years free of metabolic syndrome took measurements of waist circumference and blood pressure and fat and sugar glucose as documented in the baseline and follow-up checks. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by maximal treadmill test duration. During the average follow-up of 5.7 years, 1346 men and 56 women developed metabolic syndrome. Inverse associations between fitness and metabolic syndrome incidence were found, suggesting that greater cardiorespiratory fitness levels may be beneficial in the primary prevention of metabolic syndrome [23]. The purpose of this paper was to review through scientific research published to respond on to the following question: Can the conditions during fetal development program the system to result in a survival advantage, yet increase vulnerability for adult diseases?
