**1. Introduction**

Understanding the distribution and diversity of plant species is increasingly important to meet the demands of the growing population. Loss and deterioration have been observed in agricultural lands due to reasons such as salinization, environmental pollution, urban growth, temperature, and global climate change [1]. Prehistoric people were able to transform crops into crops that serve food for humanity by using traditional treatment techniques. These cultivated plants, when compared to their wild relatives, differed due to such characteristics that affected the plant breeders directly such as flowering time, sizes of the reproductive organs, and seed loss.

Significant improvements occurred in the productivity of agricultural products in the last century [2]. However, there are still areas in need of improvement. Today, there is still a great need for new genotypes in agricultural lands due to various social and cultural changes. Plant producers have to comply with the market needs, consumer demands, and growing agricultural problems. While much of the progress made so far has been achieved through classical improvement techniques, future prospects are under the control of biotechnology as a basic condition for achieving greater probability of success in product development [3]. In biotechnology, the study and use of DNA markers for plant breeding are encouraging for the

future [4]. The use of DNA markers associated with crop yield is common in the development of various crops such as rice (*Oryza sativa*) [5], corn (*Zea mays*) [6], wheat (*Triticum aestivum*) [7], and tomatoes (*Lycopersicon esculentum*) [8].

If a single nucleotide change is detected by comparing the DNA of different living species, it is evaluated as there is a single nucleotide polymorphism. These changes in a single position are used as an effective genetic marker practically in both animal [9] and the plant [10, 11] species. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping [12, 13] studies and the rapid progress in the development of genomic tools have led to the development of new powerful approaches in mapping complex features and identifying the causes.

In parallel with the increase in multidisciplinary studies and the development of technology, it is essential to use both traditional breeding techniques and new tools emerging in the field of molecular genetics [14]. In these tools, the two most used methods in terms of the low costs and high performance in obtaining data are microarrays and next-generation sequencing.

Since the end of the twentieth century, microarrays have been used in the first place to know the transcriptional activity of a biological sample [15]. Although other techniques have been previously used in gene expression studies such as northern blot or quantitative PCR, the ability to determine the level of less represented genes of a mixture facilitated the analysis of thousands of genes in the same reaction and increased sensitivity [16]. In the next-generation sequencing, the main goal is to parallelize DNA sequencing so that the molecules of thousands or millions of genetic materials could be read simultaneously. Regardless of the technique used, it identifies a large number of markers, allowing the development of high-density genetic maps [17]. This technology has been successfully used to detect SNPs of different genetically well-known species such as pine or corn [18, 19].

The wealth of data required to reveal evolutionary processes is based on highly efficient DNA sequencing. This technology enables nucleotide diversity studies related to a wide variety of species. The determination of the functionality of the genes of the wild species that have increased and continued in recent years and the presence of beneficial alleles for indirect plant breeding and yield improvement studies still make up an important topic for the future that is open for further improvement.
