Preface

The association between food in health and disease and our challenges now and in the future is very wide; however, it is a very close association in terms of basic health, population nutrition, healthy lifestyle, disease, and many other points (including clinical nutritional, dietetic research, food qualification systems, and innovative nutritional research).

This book considers all of the above factors (notes); however, the editors have tried to provide a cross-section of different positions from countries in four continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, and America) by presenting 13 chapters.

The chapters cover the nutritional aspects of the studied field and together will give an excellent analysis of the principles of today's human nutrition problems ( starvation, normal nutrition, obesity) all over the world.

The tables and figures will offer detailed and important scientific information for readers.

The book offers important information to epidemiologists, statistical experts, politicians, sociologists, geneticists, botanists, government representatives, clinical nutrition experts, food industrial experts, agricultural experts, physicians, medical students, politologists, food marketing researchers, chemists, bacteriologists, and experts responsible for human life in the forthcoming decades.

The editors thank the excellent cooperation of the contributors during the preparation of this book.

**II**

**Chapter 7 113**

**Chapter 8 131**

Undernutrition in Elderly People **141**

**Chapter 9 143** Undernutrition Risk Assessment in Elderly People: Available Tools in Clinical

Modification of Different Foods **159**

**Chapter 10 161**

**Chapter 11 181**

Food Safety Detection **207**

**Chapter 12 209**

Drosophila Model **221**

**Chapter 13 223**

Hydrogen Water on Survival Rate after Fasting in Drosophila Model

*Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto, Martín Talavera-Rojas, Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero, Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat, Florencia Puigvert, Lucia Grille, Álvaro González Revello* 

*by Isabel Sospedra, Aurora Norte, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Enrique de Gomar,* 

Sports Nutrition and Performance

*and Javier Marhuenda Hernández*

Raw and Roasted Peanut

**Section 4**

Practice

**Section 5**

*and Jolanta Domańska*

*and Lucia Pareja*

**Section 6**

**Section 7**

*by Chung-Hsing Chao*

*by Raúl Arcusa Saura, María Pilar Zafrilla Rentero* 

Increasing the Solubility and Recovery of Ara h3 Allergen from

*José Antonio Hurtado Sánchez and María José Cabañero-Martínez*

*by Aleksandra Badora, Karolina Bawolska, Jolanta Kozłowska-Strawska* 

Microbial Contamination in Milk Quality and Health Risk of the

*by Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza,*

Food Additives in Food Products: A Case Study

Consumers of Raw Milk and Dairy Products

Electrochemical Sensors for Food Safety

*by Lingwen Zeng, Lei Peng, Dazhi Wu and Baoguo Yang*

*by Gary B. Smejkal, Srikanth Kakumanu and Amanda Cannady-Miller*

The editors are also especially thankful for the excellent support given by Mr. Luka Cvjetkovic, the Author Service Manager from IntechOpen Access Publishers.

> **Gyula Mozsik and Maria Figler** University of Pécs, Hungary

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

report of 2004.

Introductory Chapter: General

Different Countries of the Four

Continents - Our Challenges Now

The right for nutrition is a major principle in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights announced in 1948 [1]. *The Declaration of Social Progress and Development* of 1969 specified the major aim as "the elimination of hunger and malnutrition and the guarantee of the right to proper nutrition" [2]. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights accepted in 1974 makes it clear that "Everyone has the right to get rid of starvation and malnutrition in order to use and preserve their physical and mental capacities" [3]. The Declaration of 1992 also recognized "access

Every day globally about 40,000 people die from malnutrition and the diseases associated with it, which are also responsible for the death of 5 million children according to FAO, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

From time to time, efforts are made by the developed world to eliminate the extreme poverty prevailing in the developing countries. Radical changes, however,

Up until the nineteenth century, famines most commonly originated from the natural disasters. At present, in most of the cases, they are caused by people; suffice with Ethiopia, Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, or Haiti. In the era when we are capable of handling famine, a lot more than ever before, such situations

Malnutrition (undernutrition) is a pathological condition where energy deficiency or lack of energy or absolute or relative lack of at least one nutrient is present [4]. More than one of the factors playing a part in the development of malnutrition may be present in hospitalized individuals or in those living in social institutions

Starvation in the child's organism may range from occasional or rare mild

undernutrition through severe deficiency in growth to life hazard.

Nutritional Problems in the

and Forthcoming Time

to safe food suitable for nutrition" as a universal right.

can only be achieved by effective measures at the local level.

prove to be a big shame of mankind.

offering prolonged stay.

**2. Undernutrition and malnutrition**

*Gyula Mózsik and Mária Figler*

#### **Chapter 1**

## Introductory Chapter: General Nutritional Problems in the Different Countries of the Four Continents - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time

*Gyula Mózsik and Mária Figler*

#### **1. Introduction**

The right for nutrition is a major principle in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights announced in 1948 [1]. *The Declaration of Social Progress and Development* of 1969 specified the major aim as "the elimination of hunger and malnutrition and the guarantee of the right to proper nutrition" [2]. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights accepted in 1974 makes it clear that "Everyone has the right to get rid of starvation and malnutrition in order to use and preserve their physical and mental capacities" [3]. The Declaration of 1992 also recognized "access to safe food suitable for nutrition" as a universal right.

Every day globally about 40,000 people die from malnutrition and the diseases associated with it, which are also responsible for the death of 5 million children according to FAO, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations report of 2004.

From time to time, efforts are made by the developed world to eliminate the extreme poverty prevailing in the developing countries. Radical changes, however, can only be achieved by effective measures at the local level.

Up until the nineteenth century, famines most commonly originated from the natural disasters. At present, in most of the cases, they are caused by people; suffice with Ethiopia, Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, or Haiti. In the era when we are capable of handling famine, a lot more than ever before, such situations prove to be a big shame of mankind.

#### **2. Undernutrition and malnutrition**

Malnutrition (undernutrition) is a pathological condition where energy deficiency or lack of energy or absolute or relative lack of at least one nutrient is present [4]. More than one of the factors playing a part in the development of malnutrition may be present in hospitalized individuals or in those living in social institutions offering prolonged stay.

Starvation in the child's organism may range from occasional or rare mild undernutrition through severe deficiency in growth to life hazard.

Starvation (inanition) is the condition where the bodyweight decreases due to the lack or low level of food intake, the body grows thinner and weaker, and the metabolism of essential nutrients shows a value lesser than normal.

"Quantitative" starvation means that the individual for some reason consumes too little food. Insufficient energy uptake leads to weight loss even in the short run. The regenerating mechanisms of the organism are capable of preventing only the effect of moderate undernutrition, while weight loss also leads to reduced spontaneous and voluntary activity.

"Qualitative" starvation is less conspicuous, while its importance is high, since in this case, the intake of vitally important nutrients (such as vitamins and minerals) is insufficient, especially in childhood and babyhood.

Specialists most commonly encounter protein and energy deficiency resulting in protein-energy malnutrition. In this case, the fatty tissue disappears, the organism can resist infections to a lesser extent, and chronic diarrhea may also occur. If the energy balance in the organism is upset for a long time (i.e., the daily energy uptake is less than the energy use), emaciation may develop. If the body weight is 15–20% less than the optimal and the amount of fatty tissue reserve also gets reduced or disappears, cachexia can be established, while in cases when the organism uses up the muscle proteins in addition to fat reserves, marasmus is diagnosed.

#### **3. Obesity**

It seems the most cruel and absurd thing that the world struggling with famines needs to fight obesity at the same time. In history, this is the first time when there are more obese people than those suffering from undernutrition. In the United States alone, every year, more than 300,000 people die due to obesity, while 100 billion dollars are spent on the treatment of the disease and the related consequences.

Overweight and obesity are two endemics that are not restricted to the population of rich countries. There are more than 300 million obese people in the world, of them 115 million live in the developing countries [5].

According to the World Health Organization, it is among the top 10 most severe diseases. Plenty of people suffer from its complications and even more from the esthetic and social consequences. The incidence of cancer increases with the pathological obesity of the population, while both obesity and individual types of tumors are preventable. The simplest recipe of slimming diets: eat less and move more. If we consume just 500 kcal less daily, it results in 0.5 kg weight loss, which is 2 kg in the month. Body weight reducing therapies are built on four pillars: slimming diet, exercise, behavior change, and medication. A long-lasting effect can be achieved by the combined application of these four possibilities [6].

The effects of overweight and obesity are well documented. Obesity studies typically reveal association with cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases diabetes, gall stones, goiter, and a number of cancers (e.g., breast, colon, ovary, and prostate cancer) endocrine disturbances, renal disturbances, liver damages, pulmonary disturbances, and joint diseases.

#### **4. Health industry**

The composition, quality, and quantity of the food consumed and the frequency of food intake have crucial effect on our general feeling, well-being, and diseases. A healthy adult consumes half a ton of food per annum. Nowadays, information on the role of nutritional factors in developing diseases gains more and more importance.

**5**

*Introductory Chapter: General Nutritional Problems in the Different Countries of the Four…*

The explanation is simple: there is a whole industry that focuses on health preservation, optimal body weight, and well-being. The products promoting healthy way of living need to be advertised, whereas the value of programs arousing public interest is unfortunately determined by the number of viewers of such programs and the chances for placing commercials in them, rather than their usefulness for the society. In the civilized world, preferences are to be given to foods which, in addition to their nutritional value, have obvious biological usefulness; therefore, beside the level of microelements vitamin, fiber and flavonoid content of foods to be consumed should be taken into account. The quality of foods also counts, so the qualitative approach should gain priority over the quantity-centered nutrition; mass

For national economies, the treatment of obesity-related conditions is a great challenge which takes up an increasing part of health care expenditure. Obese people suffer three to four times more often and intensely from depression and

Since both obesity and the development of some malignant tumors are preventable, the greatest issue and challenge for health care providers is the number of pathologically obese European citizens. Besides public health specialists parents and those in charge of children's education also share this responsibility. We, Hungarians, would not die 10 years earlier than our European fellow humans if we valued health, cared for ourselves and others, and increased our knowledge on

Safe food supply does not sheerly mean that we have a sufficient amount of food at our disposal but the diversity of this food at reasonable price is also important. Families need income covering the cost of sufficient and diverse food for each fam-

Apart from that it is also important for individuals to have access to relevant information about the nutrients and food. It is a fact that the amount of corn grown all over the world could provide 3000 kcal of energy for each man, woman, and child, whereas the optimal value is 2300 kcal per person. Food production exceeds

The real problem is caused by distribution. For many people, appropriate food is unaffordable –this is how starvation becomes a global problem. Since it is widely known that the amount of foodstuff is sufficient, increasing the production provides no solution for the problem. In spite of the fact that climate factors and various natural disasters have a huge influence on the agricultural production, there are economic, social, cultural, and political issues behind starvation and malnutrition. Intensive cultures are accused with damaging the environment and endangering natural resources,—water and soil—with fertilization and inconsiderate use of chemicals. The intensification of agricultural cultivation of the land maybe defined as the increase in the proportion of industrial products as compared to the cultivated agricultural area. By now, agricultural technology has become independent of the land, its own natural basis. By destroying the environment, we will not have the

Globally every day 40,000 people die from undernutrition and the related diseases. Every fourth child in the Earth suffers from undernutrition and annually 11 million infants below 1 year of age die from undernutrition, 2 billion people suffer from chronic undernutrition [8], while the amount of foodstuff produced could

chance for producing appropriate and sufficient foodstuff.

anxiety than their fellow citizens with optimal body weight.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85974*

media plays an important part.

health preservation [7].

the growth of population by 16%.

profoundly satisfy all people's needs.

**5. Ethical issues**

ily member.

*Introductory Chapter: General Nutritional Problems in the Different Countries of the Four… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85974*

The explanation is simple: there is a whole industry that focuses on health preservation, optimal body weight, and well-being. The products promoting healthy way of living need to be advertised, whereas the value of programs arousing public interest is unfortunately determined by the number of viewers of such programs and the chances for placing commercials in them, rather than their usefulness for the society.

In the civilized world, preferences are to be given to foods which, in addition to their nutritional value, have obvious biological usefulness; therefore, beside the level of microelements vitamin, fiber and flavonoid content of foods to be consumed should be taken into account. The quality of foods also counts, so the qualitative approach should gain priority over the quantity-centered nutrition; mass media plays an important part.

For national economies, the treatment of obesity-related conditions is a great challenge which takes up an increasing part of health care expenditure. Obese people suffer three to four times more often and intensely from depression and anxiety than their fellow citizens with optimal body weight.

Since both obesity and the development of some malignant tumors are preventable, the greatest issue and challenge for health care providers is the number of pathologically obese European citizens. Besides public health specialists parents and those in charge of children's education also share this responsibility. We, Hungarians, would not die 10 years earlier than our European fellow humans if we valued health, cared for ourselves and others, and increased our knowledge on health preservation [7].

#### **5. Ethical issues**

*Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time* 

metabolism of essential nutrients shows a value lesser than normal.

the muscle proteins in addition to fat reserves, marasmus is diagnosed.

is insufficient, especially in childhood and babyhood.

them 115 million live in the developing countries [5].

the combined application of these four possibilities [6].

nary disturbances, and joint diseases.

**4. Health industry**

ous and voluntary activity.

**3. Obesity**

Starvation (inanition) is the condition where the bodyweight decreases due to the lack or low level of food intake, the body grows thinner and weaker, and the

"Quantitative" starvation means that the individual for some reason consumes too little food. Insufficient energy uptake leads to weight loss even in the short run. The regenerating mechanisms of the organism are capable of preventing only the effect of moderate undernutrition, while weight loss also leads to reduced spontane-

"Qualitative" starvation is less conspicuous, while its importance is high, since in this case, the intake of vitally important nutrients (such as vitamins and minerals)

Specialists most commonly encounter protein and energy deficiency resulting in protein-energy malnutrition. In this case, the fatty tissue disappears, the organism can resist infections to a lesser extent, and chronic diarrhea may also occur. If the energy balance in the organism is upset for a long time (i.e., the daily energy uptake is less than the energy use), emaciation may develop. If the body weight is 15–20% less than the optimal and the amount of fatty tissue reserve also gets reduced or disappears, cachexia can be established, while in cases when the organism uses up

It seems the most cruel and absurd thing that the world struggling with famines needs to fight obesity at the same time. In history, this is the first time when there are more obese people than those suffering from undernutrition. In the United States alone, every year, more than 300,000 people die due to obesity, while 100 billion dollars are spent on the treatment of the disease and the related consequences. Overweight and obesity are two endemics that are not restricted to the population of rich countries. There are more than 300 million obese people in the world, of

According to the World Health Organization, it is among the top 10 most severe diseases. Plenty of people suffer from its complications and even more from the esthetic and social consequences. The incidence of cancer increases with the pathological obesity of the population, while both obesity and individual types of tumors are preventable. The simplest recipe of slimming diets: eat less and move more. If we consume just 500 kcal less daily, it results in 0.5 kg weight loss, which is 2 kg in the month. Body weight reducing therapies are built on four pillars: slimming diet, exercise, behavior change, and medication. A long-lasting effect can be achieved by

The effects of overweight and obesity are well documented. Obesity studies typically reveal association with cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases diabetes, gall stones, goiter, and a number of cancers (e.g., breast, colon, ovary, and prostate cancer) endocrine disturbances, renal disturbances, liver damages, pulmo-

The composition, quality, and quantity of the food consumed and the frequency of food intake have crucial effect on our general feeling, well-being, and diseases. A healthy adult consumes half a ton of food per annum. Nowadays, information on the role of nutritional factors in developing diseases gains more and more importance.

**4**

Safe food supply does not sheerly mean that we have a sufficient amount of food at our disposal but the diversity of this food at reasonable price is also important. Families need income covering the cost of sufficient and diverse food for each family member.

Apart from that it is also important for individuals to have access to relevant information about the nutrients and food. It is a fact that the amount of corn grown all over the world could provide 3000 kcal of energy for each man, woman, and child, whereas the optimal value is 2300 kcal per person. Food production exceeds the growth of population by 16%.

The real problem is caused by distribution. For many people, appropriate food is unaffordable –this is how starvation becomes a global problem. Since it is widely known that the amount of foodstuff is sufficient, increasing the production provides no solution for the problem. In spite of the fact that climate factors and various natural disasters have a huge influence on the agricultural production, there are economic, social, cultural, and political issues behind starvation and malnutrition. Intensive cultures are accused with damaging the environment and endangering natural resources,—water and soil—with fertilization and inconsiderate use of chemicals. The intensification of agricultural cultivation of the land maybe defined as the increase in the proportion of industrial products as compared to the cultivated agricultural area. By now, agricultural technology has become independent of the land, its own natural basis. By destroying the environment, we will not have the chance for producing appropriate and sufficient foodstuff.

Globally every day 40,000 people die from undernutrition and the related diseases. Every fourth child in the Earth suffers from undernutrition and annually 11 million infants below 1 year of age die from undernutrition, 2 billion people suffer from chronic undernutrition [8], while the amount of foodstuff produced could profoundly satisfy all people's needs.

"If the order of values gets disturbed and good is mixed with bad, then individuals and groups take sheerly their own interests and not those of others into account. Safe food supply of the world is endangered by the greediness of the rich and the spread of inappropriate methods of production—the excessive increase of the productivity of soils and the use of excessive amounts of pesticides" [3]. This is what we need to change until it is not too late.

#### **6. Our challenges now and forthcoming time**

Besides these aforementioned facts, the nutritional problems from the viewpoint of science need to cover other "real scientific problems" namely characteristics of the different foods and food preparations: toxicological approach, clinical nutrition behaviors (chemical constituents, their stabilities utilization, physical-chemical properties, food preparation forms, etc.).

Sorry to say, the toxicological problems of the different food or food components are not sufficiently studied in over the world.

In our previous studies, we deeply analyzed the capsaicin problems and were very surprised that no human clinical toxicological examination was found independently in the literature during the human population of the last 7000–9000 years [9–11] by the international authorities asked different toxicological data and by the measurements given internationally accredited institutes. We received these data from the different authorities, and Hungarian authorities gave permission to carry out observations with capsaicin for 1 month period (Phase I). However, we would like to use capsaicin for human therapy we need to give farther toxicological data (two species of animals—rats and Beagle dogs for 6 months, and thereafter in human beings).

From this book, the changes of different physical-chemical properties of the food produced by different preparation are absolutely absent; meanwhile, these data are important in the utilization of different foods or food preparations.

For the objective analysis of the foods, we need to use objective methods as we did during drug therapy [11].

In case of drug preparation, we need to give the international authorities so-called Drug Master File (DMF). In case of capsaicin, the DMF has to be present in the following details: (1) specification of the capsicum species, (2) climatic regulations in places of capsicum cultivation, (3) chemical treatments of capsicum plants during their cultivation, (4) detailed treatment of capsicum plants (their collection, drying, extraction storages, etc.), (5) analytical results supporting the chemical composition of the plant origin of capsaicinoids extract, (6) chemical stability of natural capsaicin (capsaicinoids), (7) analytical results showing the possible contamination of natural compounds with organic phosphates, pesticides, fusarium, and aflatoxins, and (8) international certification (including the Food and Drug Administration, FDA) on the capsaicin (capsaicinoids) content of the natural preparation. Aforementioned data need to be given by internationally accredited laboratories. These data are collected in the DMF.

Sorry to say, similar qualification systems do not exist in case of foods regardless of using much higher portions in the everyday life (Food Master File, FMF). These are in under discussion by the international organizations.

The qualification of the foods would be necessary to be done firstly in human beings, of course, with respect to the actual physiological (pathophysiological) parameters of the human organs [12].

Our challenges now and in the forthcoming decades are the solutions of these aforementioned problems. Our biggest challenge is that although the number of human population increases exponentially, increase of food supply does not happen exponentially.

**7**

**Author details**

Gyula Mózsik1

provided the original work is properly cited.

Science, University of Pécs, Hungary

\* and Mária Figler2

1 First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Hungary

\*Address all correspondence to: gyula.mozsik@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Second Department of Medicine, The Institute of Dietitian and Nutritional

*Introductory Chapter: General Nutritional Problems in the Different Countries of the Four…*

The editors thank the excellent cooperation of the contributors during the book edition. The editors are especially thankful for the excellent support given by Mr. Luka Cvjetkovic, the Author Service Manager from Intech Open Access

*(William Shakespeare, 1564–1616)*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85974*

**"TO BE OR NOT TO BE"**

*Our Take Home Message is*

Publishers and by the publishers.

**Acknowledgements**

*Introductory Chapter: General Nutritional Problems in the Different Countries of the Four… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85974*

*Our Take Home Message is*

#### **"TO BE OR NOT TO BE"**

*(William Shakespeare, 1564–1616)*

### **Acknowledgements**

*Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time* 

what we need to change until it is not too late.

properties, food preparation forms, etc.).

did during drug therapy [11].

are not sufficiently studied in over the world.

**6. Our challenges now and forthcoming time**

"If the order of values gets disturbed and good is mixed with bad, then individuals and groups take sheerly their own interests and not those of others into account. Safe food supply of the world is endangered by the greediness of the rich and the spread of inappropriate methods of production—the excessive increase of the productivity of soils and the use of excessive amounts of pesticides" [3]. This is

Besides these aforementioned facts, the nutritional problems from the viewpoint of science need to cover other "real scientific problems" namely characteristics of the different foods and food preparations: toxicological approach, clinical nutrition behaviors (chemical constituents, their stabilities utilization, physical-chemical

Sorry to say, the toxicological problems of the different food or food components

In our previous studies, we deeply analyzed the capsaicin problems and were very surprised that no human clinical toxicological examination was found independently in the literature during the human population of the last 7000–9000 years [9–11] by the international authorities asked different toxicological data and by the measurements given internationally accredited institutes. We received these data from the different authorities, and Hungarian authorities gave permission to carry out observations with capsaicin for 1 month period (Phase I). However, we would like to use capsaicin for human therapy we need to give farther toxicological data (two species of animals—rats and Beagle dogs for 6 months, and thereafter in human beings). From this book, the changes of different physical-chemical properties of the food produced by different preparation are absolutely absent; meanwhile, these data are important in the utilization of different foods or food preparations.

For the objective analysis of the foods, we need to use objective methods as we

In case of drug preparation, we need to give the international authorities so-called Drug Master File (DMF). In case of capsaicin, the DMF has to be present in the following details: (1) specification of the capsicum species, (2) climatic regulations in places of capsicum cultivation, (3) chemical treatments of capsicum plants during their cultivation, (4) detailed treatment of capsicum plants (their collection, drying, extraction storages, etc.), (5) analytical results supporting the chemical composition of the plant origin of capsaicinoids extract, (6) chemical stability of natural capsaicin (capsaicinoids), (7) analytical results showing the possible contamination of natural compounds with organic phosphates, pesticides, fusarium, and aflatoxins, and (8) international certification (including the Food and Drug Administration, FDA) on the capsaicin (capsaicinoids) content of the natural preparation. Aforementioned data need to be given by

Sorry to say, similar qualification systems do not exist in case of foods regardless of using much higher portions in the everyday life (Food Master File, FMF). These

The qualification of the foods would be necessary to be done firstly in human beings, of course, with respect to the actual physiological (pathophysiological)

Our challenges now and in the forthcoming decades are the solutions of these aforementioned problems. Our biggest challenge is that although the number of human population increases exponentially, increase of food supply does not happen

internationally accredited laboratories. These data are collected in the DMF.

are in under discussion by the international organizations.

parameters of the human organs [12].

**6**

exponentially.

The editors thank the excellent cooperation of the contributors during the book edition. The editors are especially thankful for the excellent support given by Mr. Luka Cvjetkovic, the Author Service Manager from Intech Open Access Publishers and by the publishers.

#### **Author details**

Gyula Mózsik1 \* and Mária Figler2

1 First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Hungary

2 Second Department of Medicine, The Institute of Dietitian and Nutritional Science, University of Pécs, Hungary

\*Address all correspondence to: gyula.mozsik@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### **References**

[1] UN. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10th December 1948. 217 A (III) 25. 1. §

[2] UN. Declaration on Social Progress and Development. General Assembly resolution. 2542 (XXIV) of 11 December 1969. Part II, 10b

[3] Cor Unum Papal Council Starvation in the world. Challenge for all of us: Solidarity Development (Éhezés a világban. Kihívás mindannyiunk számára: a szolidáris fejlődés) URL: https://katolikus.hu/ kereses/%C3%A9hez%C3%A9s%20 a%20vil%C3%A1gban (22 July, 2008)

[4] Varga P. Theory and Practice of Clinical Nutrition (A klinikai táplálás elmélete és gyakorlata). Budapest: Melania; 1998

[5] Brown P. Culture and the evolution of obesity. Human Nature. 1991;**2**:31-57

[6] Ádány R, editor. Health condition of Hungarian Population in the millennium (A magyar lakosság egészségi állapota az ezredfordulón). Budapest: Medicina; 2003

[7] Kopp M, Csoboth C. Selfharming behaviours among Hungarian population (Önkárosító magatartásformák a magyar népesség körében.). Hungarian Oncology. 2001;**45**(2):139-141

[8] WHO. Nutrition for health and development: A Global Agenda for Combating Malnutrition. 2002

[9] Mózsik Gy, Dömötör A, Past T, Vas V, Perjési P, Kuzma M, et al. Capsaicinoids: From the plant cultivation to the production of the human medical drug. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2009 (ISBN 978 963 05 8694 8)

[10] Gy M, OME A-S, Takeuchi K, editors. Capsaicin-Sensitive Neural Afferentation and the Gastrointestinal Tract: From Bench to Bedside. Rijeka: InTech Open Science/Open minds; 2014. DOI: 10.5772/57289. (ISBN 978-953-51-1631-8)

[11] Gy M, editor. Introductory chapter: the general problems of human clinical nutritional and pharmacological observation of capsaicin in human beings and patients. In: Capsaicin and its Human Therapeutic Development. London: InTech Open; 2018. pp. 3-9. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73124 (Print ISBN 978-1-78923-520-3; Online ISBN 978-1-78923-521-0)

[12] Mózsik G, Figler M. Metabolic Ward in Human Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics. Kerala: Research Signpost; 2005. ISBN 81-308-0035-7

Section 2

Total and Partial Starvation

9

Section 2
