**3.3 Defect in immunological system**

For more than 30 years nephrotic syndrome may be because of abnormalities of the immune system has existed. Both the humoral and cellular immune responses are abnormal during relapse of nephrotic syndrome. Still, have a thought that relationship between the nephrotic syndrome and T lymphocyte function was first proposed by Shalhoub and his colleagues and concluded that abnormalities in cellular immune responses [36] proves for this includes (1) sensitivity of most forms of primary nephrotic syndrome to mycophenolate mofetil, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and alkylating agents, these drugs all are inhibitors of T lymphocyte purpose, (2) mostly measles and malaria, diseases well-known to slow down the cellmediated immunity following remission of nephrotic syndrome, and (3) detection of Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MCNS) as a paraneoplastic manifestation of lymphoreticular malignancies and other Hodgkin's disease. Latest reported cases have also suggested and vital role of the cell-mediated immune system in nephrotic syndrome, collectively with depressed cell-mediated immunity during relapses of MCNS alterations in T cell subsets during relapses and increased cell surface expression of IL-2 receptors on T cells, reflective of T cell activation [34, 41]. Additionally, a number of cytokines, released in part by T lymphocytes, have been recommended to be erratically changed throughout nephrotic syndrome (NS) [42, 43].
