**1. Introduction**

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018 [1]. A number of malignancies can be prevented through screening; an example is predominantly affecting males between 15 to 35 years of age and a relatively rare testicular malignancy that is a treatable cancer [2, 3]. However, TC incidence has risen worldwide in the past two decades [4]. Advances in the treatment of TC over the last 25 years have resulted in survival figures of 80–90%. Since TC peaks in incidence among young men of reproductive age, it is an important type of cancer for men [5]. Early diagnosis and treatment of TC is very important. TC is completely cured when detected at an early stage. Early diagnosis and 5-year survival rate is 99% [6–8]. Ninety to ninety-five percent of testicular tumors are caused by germinal tissue [9]. In this group, seminoma is the most common tumor with 40% [10]. The rate of cure with radiotherapy following orchiectomy in stage I seminoma is 99% [11]. Risk factors for TC include cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), abnormal development of testicles, adolescent and young adult age, family history, infertility, and white race [12–14]. Treatment is highly effective even when the diagnosis is made through

examination or because of symptoms [15]. As with breast cancer, early detection of TC is best done through self-examination [16]. Although routine screening and monthly self-examination in young men have been recommended, studies have not shown that they improve outcomes [17].

This chapter explains the epidemiology, etiology, stages, treatment of TC, and importance of early diagnosis for TC as well as TSE, as far as possible, with special considerations for adolescent and young adult populations.
