Preface

## *Mazen Ahmad Almasri*

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a dynamic specialty that is evolving and progressively advancing to manage deformities of the face, cranium, oral cavity, jaws, and neck.

It is well known that diagnosis and plan management are modifiable based on the patient status, diagnostic tools, available resources, and man power.

This is clearer when considering the current status of COVID-19, which has introduced a totally new approach for all patients.

This book covers topics including wisdom teeth, impacted teeth, orthognathic malalignment, facial deformities, TMJ diseases, and the social and psychological considerations.

The current health situation has made the preparation and finalization of this textbook even more complicated that it already was. It wouldn't have been possible without a collaborative effort. During the last year, a lot of medical events took place, and passing through the quarantine of COVID-19, the spirit was not taken away from finalizing this book project. I hope that this book will benefit the readers in the field of OMFS and craniofacial deformity and provide another view and insight of OMF deformities, diagnosis, and management.

> **Mazen Ahmad Almasri** King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

### *Raja Kummoona*

**II**

**Chapter 8 99**

Psychosocial Effect of Maxillofacial Deformities **121**

**Chapter 9 123**

**Chapter 10 133**

**Chapter 11 145**

Oral Parafunction - Aetiology, Implications and Relation

*by Luciene Menrique Corradi and Luiz Eduardo Toledo Avelar*

The Effects of Maxillomandibular Advancement and Genioglossus

*by Takako Sato, Ryota Nakamura, Akio Himejima, Akemi Kusano, Serim Kang, Saori Ohtani, Kentarou Yamada, Kanako Yamagata, Hiroaki Azaki, Junya Aoki, Keiichi Yanagawa, Keiji Shinozuka,* 

Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Psychosocial and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)

*by Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah, Dominic Ignatius Ukpong* 

to Orthodontic Treatment

Advancement on Sleep Quality

*Takeya Yamada and Morio Tonogi*

Aspect of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma

*and Kizito Chioma Ndukwe*

*by Türker Yücesoy*

**Section 3**

The topic of craniofacial deformity is very interesting and difficult topic covering malformation and deformity of the cranium and facial skeleton.

In this book we describe the foundation, establishment, progress, and advances of craniofacial surgery. In the past centuries, Hippocrate, Sushurta, and the advocation of Le Fort III osteotomy for reconstruction of Curzon disease by Sir Harold Gillies and followed by Paul Tessier established the first time his technique for correction of craniofacial malformation and deformity in the 1960s.

One of the great advances in craniofacial surgery include the advocation of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming at St Marys Hospital, London during the Second World War. The most exciting progress and advancement in craniofacial surgery was the application of bone graft and distraction osteogenesis and refinement of instrumentation to facilitate the surgical procedures.

The advancement extended to radiological tools including plain X-ray, CT Scan with 3 dimensions, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy. The ultrasound was used to detect the uterus during pregnancy and carried into the uterus for uterine surgery by endoscopy for correction of cleft lip and palate, facial clefts and Pierre Robin syndrome.

Further advancement includes work by Kenneth E Sayler in the 1970s by his operation by advancement of frontal-orbital block in children to let the brain and skull to grow without effect of cranial sutures.

The section on craniofacial deformity surgeries also contains an important chapter dealing with deformity of the craniofacial skeleton by traumatic injuries. This chapter is very interesting because it deals with the deformity of the facial skeleton and its management.

Two further interesting chapters of this book deal with cleft lip and palate, and haemangioma of the nasal septum.

I would like to extend my thanks to Andrea Koric, commissioning editor of IntechOpen, without her kind effort we could not have produced this valuable book and special thanks and gratitude to Sara Debeuc, author service manager, for her outstanding effort in preparation of this valuable book.

> **Raja Kummoona** Council of Maxillofacial Surgery, Iraqi Board for Medical Specialization, Baghdad, Iraq

> > **1**

Section 1

Craniofacial Deformity

Surgeries

## Section 1
