**3.1 Autograft-based substitute**

It is considered as a gold standard to treat bone defects due to their established osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties with reduced histocompatibility issue. Although it also has inherent drawbacks associated with issues of high postoperative pain, donor site morbidity, muscle weakness, infection, high cost, and longer recovery periods limit its application.

Some of the common advantages and disadvantages associated with autograft are listed in **Table 1**.
