**5. Conclusions**

In summary, among the various electrochemical surface modification technologies nowadays available to enhance Titanium-based materials features for biomedical applications, anodizing and PEO techniques are among the most promising ones, for the following reasons:


agents may induce to the production of new bio-selective functional surfaces for osseointegrated Titanium implants, by improving osseointegration and simultaneously avoiding infection.

• The growth of an oxide film on Titanium surfaces may improve considerably their corrosion and tribocorrosion properties in simulated body fluids, such as artificial saliva. In the case of PEO, which generally induces to the growth of an oxide film with a crystalline structure, the improved corrosion and tribocorrosion performances of TiO2 films have been confirmed to occur for greater rutile/anatase ratios.

 Furthermore, PVD technologies are very versatile and they are characterized for the development of well-adherent, hard, dense and high durability films. A broad range of coating materials can be grown by PVD, made of different compounds or in multilayer structures under low temperature deposition processes. Fine-tuning of process parameters enables the development of completely different surface features making possible the deposition of *ad-hoc* protective coatings. It must be highlighted:


To conclude, this chapter is focused on promising electrochemical and physical technologies to modify the surface features of Titanium-based materials aiming to improve their functionalities for biomedical implant applications. In general, the implant surface requirements are defined based on its final application. Therefore, the most adequate technique for surface treatment must selected considering the required surface features of the implant, namely topography, morphology, thickness, chemistry, hardness, as well as its response regarding corrosion and tribocorrosion processes. Based on this approach, implants with single or multiple functionalities may be designed, namely osseointegrable implants with antimicrobial properties, simultaneously displaying improved corrosion and tribocorrosion responses.
