Tissue Regeneration Concepts

**93**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

clinical implication is also discussed.

tissue engineering

**1. Introduction**

Application of Bone Substitutes

and Its Future Prospective in

*Ujjwal Ranjan Dahiya, Sarita Mishra and Subia Bano*

**Keywords:** autograft, allograft, growth factors, bone graft substitute,

Bone is a part of vertebrate skeleton. It plays a multitude of important roles in the body like imparting structural support, protection of organs, acting as a site for production of blood cells, and also as repertoire of minerals. Bones comprise differentiated cell types, blood vessels, protein, minerals, and vitamins that facilitate their growth and repair system [1]. Bones have an inner and outer layer. The hard-outer layer of bone which is called "cortical bone" is usually tough and strong, whereas the inner spongy part is called "trabecular bone" and is lighter and less dense. Each of these parts comprises different cell types, nonmineral proteinaceous matrix (osteoid), and matrix-deposited inorganic minerals. Another important concept in bone biology and understanding its transformational changes is that of modeling and remodeling. The scenario where the sites of bone formation and resorption are different surfaces of the bone is called bone modeling. This is responsible for increased length and girth of long bone, leading to skeletal development and changes. Bone remodeling on the other hand is important for maintenance of bone mass in adults by replacement of old bone tissue with new ones [2]. Several factors which affect bone, muscles, and joints are responsible for causing diseases

Bone is a hard and dense connective tissue that supports and maintains the body structure and functions. Several factors like aging, drugs, hormonal changes, and physical activities lead to several kinds of bone injuries/fracture. To address these problems, autologous bone graft is considered an ideal material. However, limited availability and complications related to its harvesting process like donor site morbidity and pain limit the use of autologous bone graft in bone regeneration. With increasing advances in technology, several bone substitute materials such as synthetics, bioceramics, and polymers are emerging as a substitute of auto- or allogenous bone for the treatment of bone defect. These bone substitute materials should be biocompatible, bioresorbable, osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and support the ingrowth of new bone. In this chapter, we summarize the currently available bone graft and bone substitute materials including biological and bio-inorganic factors. An overview of the associated advantages, challenges, and future perspectives to

Regenerative Medicine
