**Acknowledgements**

*Mycotoxins and Food Safety*

**Table 1**.

The biochemical approach involves the incubation and extraction of mycotoxins, the methods being complicated and time consuming. The molecular techniques are based on detection of specific gene by using specific primers. All these molecular methods developed for genotype analysis are based on nucleotide diversity of trichothecene synthesis genes. Chemotype characterization has been extensively used to characterize FGSC for their toxigenic potential [52]. The information about the genetic genotyping methods developed so far, such as targeted gene, primer name, primer sequence, and amplification fragment sizes are summarized in

More effective and accuracy genetic methods are needed. We are doing genomic sequencing of FGSC strains with different trichothecene genotypes, and we believe some new molecular genetic methods will be developed based on the genomic data.

In addition to the well characterized fungal mycotoxins, plant-derived mycotoxin metabolites, masked mycotoxins, have emerged as important co-contaminants in cereals [53, 54]. The most commonly detected masked mycotoxin conjugates are β-linked glucose-conjugates of trichothecenes, such as DON-3-glucoside (**Figure 6**). The possible hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins back to their toxic parents during mammalian digestion raises great concerns. Recently, a new series of type-A trichothecene, NX-toxins (**Figure 7**), produced by FGSC were characterized [5]. In vitro translation assays indicated that NX-3 can inhibit protein biosynthesis to almost the same extent as DON [5]. Comprehensive work on intestinal hydrolysis, absorption, metabolism, and toxicity of newly characterized mycotoxins need

The knowledge about the mycotoxins chemotypes could contribute to a better management of fungal infections and breeding of resistance, in order to obtain grains of better quality. The results will also contribute to improve our understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of FGSC members, which may be of value for

**8. Newly identified trichothecene mycotoxins**

to be determined (**Figure 7**).

*Chemical structure of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G).*

*Chemical structures of NX-2, NX-3, and NX-4.*

**78**

**9. Conclusion**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 7.**

The authors acknowledged the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871896, 31602124, and 31401598), Shanghai Agriculture Commission Basic Research Project (Grant number 2014 NO.7-3-7), and Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant number 210ZJ1812).
