2.1.2.2 Ultrasound acupuncture course content



Ultrasound Detection Acupuncture Needling Training: Description of the Method DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82802

Table 1.

DOPS is an assessment tool developed by the Royal College of Physicians that is used to evaluate the performance of a trainee in learning a practical procedure in the United Kingdom [16]. This study used DOPS to assess the performance of the

introduced the principles of ultrasonography in diagnosis, its use in visualizing different tissues and organs, and advanced medical ultrasound. The trainees learned the configuration and operation of a Sonosite ultrasound machine (model: NanoMaxx; Fujifilm Sonosite Inc), and had hands-on practice on an acupuncture simulator model of GB21 (ASM21), in addition to practice on a

1. Principles and operation of ultrasound (2 h): this module of the course

2. Patient safety and safe needle depth (2 h): clinical requirements and

precautions for patient safety, introduction to simulation training, and the

students after taking the course.

Figure 2.

human body.

50

2.1.2.2 Ultrasound acupuncture course content

Establishment of the ultrasound detection acupuncture course.

Acupuncture - Resolving Old Controversies and Pointing New Pathways

importance of improving patient safety.

Scoring standard for acupuncture at GB21 using the direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) tool.


In this study, GB21 was used as the target acupoint, and ASM21, an acupuncture simulator model of GB21, was developed to help the trainees to easily manage this acupoint (Figure 3). The ASM21 model was designed with a sensor that detected whether the needle was placed in the correct position and within a safe depth, and an alarm sounded when the needle reached the lung. As it was constructed with material that is penetrable by ultrasound, the trainees could also measure the safe needle depth when the model was used together with an ultrasound machine.

#### 2.1.2.3 Reliability of the ultrasound acupuncture course

We used the inter-rater reliability and employed Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) for statistical analysis according to the scores given by the raters, as shown below:

$$\mathcal{W} = \frac{R\frac{2}{i} - \mathbf{1}\frac{(R\_i)^2}{N}}{\frac{1}{12}K^2(N^3 - N)}\tag{1}$$

4.Post-test: the trainees performed acupuncture at the GB21 acupoint using the ASM21 model without ultrasound, and the frequency of pneumothorax was

Ultrasound Detection Acupuncture Needling Training: Description of the Method

5. Post-test interview: interviews were conducted with the trainees to record

6.Ultrasound acupuncture technical operation procedure: (i) identify GB21 on ASM21; (ii) use ultrasound to measure the distance from the surface to the lung, and use a depth shorter than this measurement as the safe needle depth; (iii) select a needle of appropriate length (the needle body must not exceed the above recorded depth); (iv) use a 28-gauge stainless steel acupuncture needle to perform the procedure; and (v) the test duration was defined from the first use of the needle to when the needle reached GB21 or punctured the lung.

The pre-test and post-test data were compared. Trainee feedback was also analyzed in order to evaluate the efficacy of the course using the methods described

1. Test methods: due to the small number of samples, and the fact that the data were not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used to determine whether the trainee skills at GB21 improved after

2. Comparison of attendance and performance: the number of times that the needle punctured the lung was compared with the attendance rate by Fisher's

3. Effect of ultrasound class attendance: the number of times that the needle punctured the lung was compared with the attendance rate at the ultrasound

4.Effect of ultrasound skills: the number of times that the needle punctured the lung was compared with the trainee's ultrasound skills using Fisher's exact test.

5. Practice and performance: the relationship between practice and performance was examined by comparing the trainees' practice simulations and the number

6.Practice and ultrasound skills: whether the improvement in ultrasound skills was correlated with the number of practice sessions was examined using

The study recruited 17 trainees, all of whom were residents at the Chinese Medicine Department of our hospital. One of the trainees was not able to attend all the classes and complete the test; therefore, a total of 16 participants, 8 males and 8 females (aged 31.63 4.46 years), completed the program and were included in

of times that puncture of the lung occurred using Fisher's exact test.

recorded.

2.1.3.2 Analyses of the results

taking the course.

Fisher's exact test.

2.2.1 Trainee recruitment

2.2 Results

53

class using Fisher's exact test.

exact test.

below:

their learning experience and thoughts.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82802

Figure 3. Acupuncture simulator model of GB21 (ASM21) equipped with a sensor detector light alarm.

Where R <sup>2</sup> <sup>i</sup> = the total sum of the squares of the scores given by the raters; ð Þ Ri 2 = the square of the sum of the scores from each rater; N = number of trainees being evaluated; K = number of raters (experts).

We analyzed the W values of the trainees in the four classes. W values greater than 0.8 indicated good reliability.
