Meet the editors

Dr. Dimitrios D. Nikolopoulos is a graduate of Athens University Medical School. He specialized in orthopedic surgery and traumatology in one of the best clinics in Greece, the Orthopaedic Clinic of the General Hospital "ASKLEPIEION" Voulas, where he focused on sports injuries and foot pathology. He proceeded to train alongside Dr. Alexis Nogier at the Clinic Maussins-Nollet in Paris with arthroscopic restoration of hip pathology and has

continued his training in the arthroscopic rehabilitation of sports injuries of the knee, shoulder, and ankle, as well as the treatment and surgical correction of foot disorders. He is a Member of the International Cartilage Regeneration Society. Dr. Nikolopoulos and Dr. G. Safos have developed new techniques for ankle cartilage defects presented and published internationally.

 Dr. George K. Safos is a graduate of Athens University Medical School and completed his residency in orthopedic surgery and traumatology at the General Hospital of Asklepieion Voulas. He then completed two fellowships in the United States, namely at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and at the University of Miami-Orthopedic Department. A postgraduate degree in Tissue Banking at the National University of Singa-

pore with a United Nations scholarship soon followed. Additionally, he completed a prestigious foot and ankle course at the Academic Centre of Amsterdam University and many more internationally renowned postgraduate courses. Past work experience includes doctor of the Olympiacos basketball team for five years and orthopedic surgeon in state, military, and private hospitals alike. Dr. Safos and Dr. D. Nikolopoulos have developed new techniques for ankle cartilage defects and have presented and published internationally.

 Kalpaxis Dimitrios (MD) graduated from the Athens Technological Institute (Department of Physiotherapy) in 2007 and has an MSc in Metabolic Bone Disease (Faculty of Medicine, Athens National and Kapodistrian University). His internship was completed at St. Panteleimon General Hospital in Nikea (Piraeus). During his military service, he worked as a physiotherapist for the Athens Navy Hospital (2008). Kalpaxis also worked as

 a physiotherapist for the Olympiacos water polo team, the Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, and the "GALILEE" Palliative Care Unit. He has followed some of the most important seminars and is a member of the Panhellenic Association of Physiotherapists. From 2011, he has been a member of the Physiotherapy Team of the Central Clinic of Athens.

Contents

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 33**

**Chapter 4 51**

**Chapter 5 63**

**Chapter 6 79**

**Chapter 7 99**

**Chapter 8 119**

Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration

Epigenetics and Cartilage Regeneration

*Luis M. Junquera, Juan Cobo and José A. Vega*

*and Keolebogile Shirley Caroline Motaung*

Reconstruction with Joint Preservation

*by He Huang, Hongyao Xu and Jianying Zhang*

*by Nausika Betriu and Carlos E. Semino*

Engineering Based on Multiphase Designs

*by Lourenço Galizia Heitzmann*

*and Roberto Lopes de Souza*

*and Amani AlGhamedi*

Disorders

Scaffolds

*by Francisco Sousa Segundo, Marcelo Jorge Cavalcanti de Sá* 

*by Samina Hyder Haq, Iqraa Haq, Atheer Ali Alsayah, Abir Alamro* 

Nonsurgical Strategies for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint

*by Juan L. Cobo, Manuela Cabrera-Freitag, Teresa Cobo, Juan D. Muriel,* 

The Potential Effect of Medicinal Plants for Cartilage Regeneration *by Franca Nneka Alaribe, Mapula Razwinani, Makwese Maepa* 

Current Tissue Engineering Approaches for Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Self-Assembling Peptides Composite

Therapeutic Potential of Articular Cartilage Regeneration using Tissue

*Jorge Lara-Arias, Iván Marino-Martínez and Víctor Peña-Martínez*

*by Lizeth Fuentes-Mera, Alberto Camacho, Elisabeth Engel, Vanessa Pérez-Silos,* 
