**1.2 Functions and activity of glucocorticoids**

The two key roles glucocorticoids play as biological and pharmaceutical compounds are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive roles. Glucocorticoids also affect:


reduction of activation of macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells and cytokines (interleukins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); reduction in the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) resulting in dropping of production of a few prostanoids; intensification of activity of catechol amines; and reduction in production of histamine by basophils [7, 8].

Sometimes glucocorticoid treatment in the otorhinolaryngological diseases requires high doses or long time of therapy. It may cause adverse effects. Some of them are listed below:

