Cardiomyopathies

*Inflammatory Heart Diseases*

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**Chapter 7**

**Abstract**

Inflammation and Diabetic

*Manal M.A. Smail, Chris F. Howarth, Jaipaul Singh*

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that manifests a low grade of systemic inflammation that contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). DM is a predominant risk factor for CVDs inducing structural changes in the heart, infiltration of fibrosis, apoptosis, and cardiac remodeling, all leading to myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), and sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, more than 80% of diabetic patients usually die from heart diseases or diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Currently, HF is one of the main causes of mortality in the world despite advances in drug treatments. According to literature, a strong association exists between chronic inflammation and the development of DCM. In order to have a better appreciation of the effect of diabetes and inflammation on the cardiovascular system (CVS), it is of paramount importance to have a better understanding of diabetes, the physiology of the CVS, and the pathophysiology of DM. Thus, the present review highlights the role of chronic inflammation in the complex interplay between the development of DM and DCM. Our understanding of the process is critical in the discovery of new targeted therapies

**Keywords:** heart, cardiomyopathy, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, inflammation

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death in the world [1, 2]. By the year 2020, it is estimated that nearly 40% of all deaths worldwide will be due to CVDs, more than twice the percentage of deaths from cancer [3]. In line with the 2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association, CVDs account for one out of every three deaths or approximately 800,000 deaths in the United States, and coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for most deaths due to CVDs, followed by stroke (1 of 20 deaths in the United States) and heart failure (HF) [4]. CVDs are considered multifactorial conditions which affect the essential components of the circulatory system of the human body including the heart, blood vessels and blood [5]. CVDs can either be congenital or acquired throughout people's lifespan [6]. The rising incidence of such cardiovascular risk factors as unhealthy life styles (especially eating and physical inactivity), obesity, diabetes and hypertension can underlie an increase in CVDs especially coronary artery disease (CAD). The burden of chronic diseases, including CVDs, obesity, diabetes and cancers, is rapidly increasing worldwide. These non-communicable

Cardiomyopathy

*and Abla Mohamed Ismail*

for DCM and other forms of HF.

**1. Introduction**
