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## Meet the editors

Dr. Antonio Ibarra is Head of the Health Sciences Research Center at the Anáhuac University. He earned a Masters and Doctorate in Sciences in Neuroimmunology from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. As a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Professor Michael Schwartz at the Weizmann Institute of Science, and later as a scientist, he has studied the beneficial effects induced by protective autoimmunity after spinal cord injury.

Dr. Ibarra has published 70 articles and 12 book chapters. His findings led him to lecture in different international meetings. He has been a reviewer of several international journals. Finally, Dr. Ibarra holds advisory academic appointments in the Anahuac University (private) and the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Dr. Elisa García-Vences earned her Masters and Doctoral degrees at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. She conducted her postdoctoral training at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría (INP). Dr. García was an associate researcher at INP and Instituto Nacional de Genómica. Currently, she is a professor, senior researcher, and coordinator of the Master Program on Medical Sciences at Universidad Anáhuac México. As a researcher, she is a

member of the National Research System and Secretary of the Research and Bioethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Center at Universidad Anáhuac. Dr. García has collaborated in 15 original articles on spinal cord injury, being the first author in two of them. Dr. García has participated in three book chapters as author and co-author.

Dr. Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún is a senior researcher at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Dr. Guízar's professional interest is basic and clinical research on spinal cord injury, mainly topics related to protection, reparative procedures, and rehabilitation. He earned his Masters and PhD degrees at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Dr. Guízar is a national research scientist and an advisor of

postgraduate students from UNAM and Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría universities. He has published 81 articles, seven chapters in books, and 92 abstracts in the memoirs of international meetings. Dr. Guízar has about 1050 citations to his scientific works, and 34 invited lectures on the topics of spinal cord injury, neural transplantation, neuroprotection, and rehabilitation.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

in Rats

**Section 3**

Spinal Cord Injury

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 23**

Pharmacological Therapies **37**

**Chapter 4 39**

**Chapter 5 71**

Non-Pharmacological Therapies **93**

**Chapter 6 95**

Current Developments in Antioxidant Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury *by Jonathan Vilchis Villa, Dulce M. Parra Villamar, José Alberto Toscano Zapien,* 

*Liliana Blancas Espinoza, Juan Herrera García and Raúl Silva García*

Effects of Cyclosporin-A, Minocycline, and Tacrolimus (FK506) on Enhanced Behavioral and Biochemical Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury

Noninvasive Modalities Used in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation *by Filipe O. Barroso, Alejandro Pascual-Valdunciel, Diego Torricelli, Juan C. Moreno, Antonio Del Ama-Espinosa, Jozsef Laczko and José L. Pons*

*by Mohammad Ahmad and Abdualrahman Saeed Alshehri*

*by Susana Martiñón, Juan Armando Reyes-Perez and Psyché Calderón-Vargas*

Introductory Chapter: Trends in Therapeutic Strategies after

Reactive Astrocyte Gliosis: Production of Inhibitory Molecules *by Mohammad Taghi Joghataei, Fereshteh Azedi and Soraya Mehrabi*

*by Tamara D. Frydman and Antonio Ibarra*

Physiopathology of Spinal Cord Injury

## Contents


#### **Chapter 7 115**

Transplantation or Transference of Cultured Cells as a Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury *by Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera, Karla Soria-Zavala, Julián García-Sánchez, Lisset Karina Navarro-Torres, Estefanía de la Cruz Castillo and Elisa García-Vences*

#### **Chapter 8 139**

Neuroregenerative-Rehabilitative Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury *by Alok Sharma, Hemangi Sane, Nandini Gokulchandran, Prerna Badhe, Amruta Paranjape, Pooja Kulkarni and Vivek Nair*

Preface

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an unsolved issue when it comes to an established treatment course. To date, the focus has been on neuroprotective and neuroregeneration therapies with several options that rely on pathophysiological pathways to inhibit and enhance what is needed to establish a better microenvironment for axonal growth after an injury. This book is aimed at a discussion of the most current management alternatives in cases of SCI for a better understanding of today's

The book contains eight chapters that start with the pathophysiological picture involved in SCI and moves on to discuss therapies in depth. Chapters focusing on pharmacological agents include neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies. As for those concerning non-pharmacological strategies, the book contains chapters on tissue and cell transplants, scaffolds and electrical stimulation, and the combi-

The editors would like to express their thanks to the authors of the chapters pre-

Coordinador del Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud,

Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas,

Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud,

**Antonio Ibarra**

Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, México

México

México

Universidad Anáhuac México,

**Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún**

**Elisa García-Vences**

perspective on the subject.

nation of therapies for regeneration.

sented in this book for their invaluable contributions.
