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## Meet the editor

Mani T. Valarmathi is presently an assistant professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. He began his scientific career as a cancer geneticist, but soon became captivated with the emerging and translational fields of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. After completing his Bachelor's degree in Chemistry at the University of Madras, he received his MBBS in Medicine and Surgery and MD in Pathol-

ogy from the University of Madras, as well as his PhD in Medical Biotechnology from All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. For over 15 years, he has had extensive experience in research on various types of stem cells, including adult, embryonic (pluripotent), and induced pluripotent stem cells. Currently, his research work focuses on generating three-dimensional vascularized tissues and/ or organs for implantation purposes. He is a member of many prestigious national and international professional societies and scientific organizations, such as ISSCR, TERMIS, AACR, ASIP, ACS, ESC, ISHR, ASGCT, and AHA.

Contents

**Section 1**

Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle *by Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi*

*by Alexandra V. Ulyanova*

*and Tiago Fernandes*

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

*by Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi*

Inflammatory Muscle Diseases

Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting

Excitability of Vascular Smooth Muscle

Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria

**Preface III**

Muscle Function: Cellular-Molecular **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 27**

**Chapter 3 41**

**Chapter 4 59**

Muscle Disorder: Inflammation-Induced **85**

**Chapter 5 87**

Muscle Wasting: Cancer-Induced **107**

**Chapter 6 109**

Leucine and Its Importance for Cell Signalling Pathways in Cancer

*Rafael Rossi Valentim and Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes*

*by Andre Gustavo Oliveira, Bread Cruz, Sarah Christine Pereira de Oliveira, Lais Rosa Viana, Natalia Angelo Da Silva Miyaguti, Luiz Alberto Ferreira Ramos,* 

Noncoding RNAs in the Cardiovascular System: Exercise Training Effects

*by Noemy Pereira, Camila Gatto, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira* 

*by Doris Hissako Sumida, Fernando Yamamoto Chiba* 

*and Maria Sara de Lima Coutinho Mattera*

### Contents



Preface

The three different types of muscle tissue found in the animal kingdom are cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. The muscle cells are not only complex but also fascinating. In recent years there has been substantial advances in our understanding of muscle cell biology, especially in the areas of molecular anatomy, basic physiology, understanding

Consequently, this book mainly focuses not only on the biology of myocytes, but also on all-encompassing disciplines pertaining to muscle tissue, such as fundamental physiology, molecular mechanisms of diseases, muscle regeneration, etc. for all three types of muscle, namely, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. As a result, the goal of this book is to consolidate the recent advances in the areas of muscle biology/diseases/regeneration covering a broad range of interrelated topics in a timely fashion and to disseminate that knowledge in a lucid way to a greater

The book consists of eight chapters, contributed by leading experts in basic science and clinical care, and is organized into four sections. The first section introduces the cellular and molecular aspects of muscle function, such as the role of vascularization during skeletal muscle regenerative and/or reparative processes, electrophysiological signature of arteriolar smooth muscle in various tissues with an emphasis on the excitability of fourth-order arterioles of skeletal muscle, the expression pattern and functional role of two orexigenic peptides (orexin system) in muscle mitochondrial dynamics, and finally the role of non-coding RNAs in

The second section of the book deals with current perspectives of inflammatory myopathies. Next, the third section explores the cancer-induced muscle-wasting disorder, focusing on the anabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation, especially leucine on skeletal muscle wasting and thereby ameliorating the host response to cancer-cachexia-induced muscle damage, as well as repercussions of adipose tissue dysfunction and remodeling and its significance in the development of cachexia. Eventually, the last section of the book contains a survey of recent advances in immunological detection assays pertaining to skeletal muscle

This book will prove highly useful for students, researchers, and clinicians in muscle cell biology, exercise physiology/science, stem cell biology, developmental biology, cancer biology, pathology, oncology, as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This quick reference will benefit anyone desiring a thorough knowledge pertaining to recent advances in muscle biology in the context of health

I would like to thank the staff of IntechOpen who have produced this book so efficiently, and in particular I am indebted to Sandra Maljavac, the Author Service Manager, and Petra Svob, the Commissioning Editor, for their valuable source of

proteins in physiological and pathological conditions.

disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targets.

scientific audience.

exercise.

and disease.
