**1.1 Global and Malaysian scenario of type 2 DM**

Some 425 million people worldwide, or 8.8% of adults, are estimated to have diabetes [13]. About 79% lives in low- and middle-income countries. If these trends continue, by 2045, some 629 million people will have diabetes [13]. The estimated population of Malaysia in 2018 is 32.4 million [14]. There were almost 3.49 million cases of diabetes in Malaysia in 2017 [15]. The percentage of population aged 15–64 years old (working age) increases from 69.6% in 2017 to 69.7% in 2018. The percentage of 65 years and over (old age) population increases from 6.3 to 6.5% for the same period [14]. The number of deaths was divided into two groups of ages which are age between 30 and 69 years old as well as ages more than 70 years old. For example, the number of diabetes deaths for female ages more than 70 years old was 1260 people compared to 1070 for males [13].
