Meet the editor

Dr. Payam Behzadi was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1973. He has a BSc and MSc in Microbiology and a PhD in Molecular Biology. He is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University. He has authored and edited twenty chapters and academic books, and seventy original and review articles. His scientific research interests include urinary tract infections,

bioinformatics, genetics, gene profiling, and molecular biology. Dr. Behzadi trains as an ice skater in his free time.

Contents

of Biological Systems

Biological Drugs

Neuroinflammation *by Mubarak Muhammad*

Immune Memory *by Harumi Jyonouchi*

Spinal Cord Injury

Polymorphisms

in Cancer Immunotherapy *by Xuehui He and Xinhui Wang*

*by Márió Gajdács and Payam Behzadi*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 27**

**Chapter 4 41**

**Chapter 5 55**

**Chapter 6 75**

**Chapter 7 95**

TNFR2 and Regulatory T Cells: Potential Immune Checkpoint Target

Innate Immunity and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Conditions Including Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Innate

Cytokines in Scar Glial Formation after an Acute and Chronic

The Genetic Aspects of Behçet's Disease: Role of Cytokine Genes

*by Roxana Rodrígez-Barrera, Adrián Flores-Romero, Julián García-Sánchez, Lisset Karina Navarro-Torres, Marcela Garibay-López and Elisa García-Vences*

*by Abdulrahman Al Asmari and Misbahul Arfin*

Introductory Chapter: Cytokines - The Diamonds and Pearls

*In vitro* Cell-Based Assays for Potency Testing of Anti-TNF-α

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Major Cytokine of Brain

*by Sara Žigon-Branc, Ariana Barlič and Matjaž Jeras*

## Contents


## **Chapter 8 121**

IL-21 Signaling and Induction of Cytokine Expression in Human Leukemia Cells and Monocytes *by Chantel F. Faqua, Richard Akomeah and Samuel Evans Adunyah*

### **Chapter 9 143**

Cytokines' Involvement in Periodontal Changes *by Petra Surlin, Liliana Foia, Sorina Solomon, Dora Maria Popescu, Dorin Nicolae Gheorghe, Adrian Camen, Maria Alexandra Martu, Anne Marie Rauten, Madalina Olteanu, Allma Pitru, Vasilica Toma, Simona Popa, Mihail Virgil Boldeanu, Silvia Martu and Ion Rogoveanu* Preface

The human body consists of a diversity of tissues, organs and systems that all perform their functions in accordance with their own inherited characteristics and properties. However, a stable harmony is needed for these structures to collaborate

In this regard, the immune system has a pivotal role to orchestrate, regulate and modulate all of the body's biological processes and systems. The immune system is a complicated two-part network that encompasses cells, molecules, proteins and glycoproteins. The building blocks of these components collaborate with each other as well as other structures in the body in a harmonic and stable pattern. Hence, the homeostasis of different systems and metabolic processes is provided by molecules

Among a wide range of immunological recruited molecules, cytokines have a considerable position in this regard. Cytokines are involved in every immune and non-immune system and structure. Each cytokine is able to induce its own production as well as that of other cytokines and simultaneously activate the production of other molecules. Cytokines play their role in the forms of autocrine,

Interestingly, cytokines link to their specific receptors and activate the related signaling pathways. In this regard, cytokines recruit different cells and molecules

This complicated network of cytokines is important for harmonizing between different processes and structures in the human body. As such, any mutations at the gene level of the related cells and molecules may lead to a wide range of disorders and diseases. Therefore, cytokines and related molecules can be recognized as important for treatment of immune and non-immune disorders and diseases.

from both the immune and non-immune systems. This process results in

Our knowledge regarding the importance of immune system goes back two millennia. Today, by the progression of cellular and molecular biology, bioinformatics, computational biology and chemistry, we know a wide range of

The introductory chapter provides a background about historical evidences

Chapter 2, "*In vitro* Cell-Based Assays for Potency Testing of Anti-TNF-α Biological Drugs"; Chapter 3, "Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Major Cytokine of Brain Neuroinflammation"; and Chapter 4, "TNFR2 and Regulatory T Cells: Potential Immune Checkpoint Target in Cancer Immunotherapy" focus on the role and

immunological processes and mechanisms.

regarding immunology, immune system and cytokines.

importance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human body.

The book contains 9 chapters.

with each other as a united biological system.

recruited by the immune system.

paracrine and endocrine.

homeostasis.
