**2.3 Downstream neurons regulated by NPY/AgRP neurons**

NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC neurons in the ARC are connected to many brain areas. In particular, connections between these neurons and the PVH, lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus (LH), dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), VMH, BNST, and PBN are important neural pathways for regulation of food intake and metabolism (**Figure 4**). Optogenetic activation of projections of NPY/AgRP neurons to the PVH, LH, and BNST has been shown to increase food intake [28]. In addition, the PBN has been found to be necessary for maintenance of a normal level of food intake [29]. I will address the role of the PVH, VMH, LH, and PBN in the regulation of food intake.
