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**123**

**Chapter 6**

*Kenji Yokoyama*

**Abstract**

effects of aspirin.

**1. Introduction**

Etiology of Cancer Associated

Diet, Lifestyle and Medicine

**Keywords:** cancer, venous thromboembolism, fish, vegetables, aspirin

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries including Japan. According to the Japanese Cancer Institute registry data, 1,017,200 patients were estimated to be newly diagnosed with cancer, and 380,300 patients were estimated to die from cancer in 2019 [1]. Colon cancer is the most often diagnosed in Japanese people, followed by gastric and lung cancer. Lung cancer most often causes death related to cancer, followed by colon and gastric cancer. Approximately half of Japanese people suffer from cancer during their lifetime, and one-third die from cancer. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and serious complication in patients with cancer. The risk of VTE in cancer patients is severalfold higher than that in individuals without cancer [2, 3], and VTE is the second leading cause

Thromboembolism

to Reduce Cancer and Venous

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries, and cancer patients often develop venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The incidence of VTE varies among cancers, and it is highest in pancreatic cancer patients. Increased white blood cells and thrombocytosis are risk factors for developing cancerassociated VTE. Some other proteins (tissue factor, podoplanin, P-selectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) may also play roles in thrombus formation in cancer patients. Certain diets and nutrition (e.g., enough fish, vegetables, and fruits) may reduce the risk of VTE. Certain diets and nutrition also may reduce the risk of cancer, and alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking definitely increase risk of cancer. Some studies suggest that aspirin, a widely used antiplatelet drug, may reduce cancer incidence and mortality, but other studies fail to show the beneficial

Thromboembolism (CAT), and
